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Science Unit 1: Biological Diversity > Part 1 > Flashcards

Part 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Definition of biology?

A

The study of living things

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2
Q

Definition of variations?

A

visible differences in behavior or physical traits observed between all living organisms

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3
Q

Difference between Interspecific and Intraspecific variations?

A

Interspecific - Differences between different species (dog/cat)
Intraspecific - Differences between individuals of the same species (german shepherd/golden lab)

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4
Q

Definition of biodiversity?

A

It is a measurement of the interspecific and intraspecific variation that exists within an ecosystem, eg. the more variations that are observed, the greater the biodiversity

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5
Q

Definitions of adaptations?

A

Variations in physical and behavioural characteristics may allow organisms to better survive in their particular environment

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6
Q

Two types of adaptations?

A

Structural and behavioural

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7
Q

Definition of natural selection?

A

The process of organisms with favorable adaptations reproducing better than those with, passing on their genes

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8
Q

How do you assess the relative health of an ecosystem?

A
  • A method called the diversity index
  • # of different species/total # of organisms in area
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9
Q

Definition of a niche?

A

A role an organism fulfills in their environment

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10
Q

Generalists vs specialists?

A

Generalist - Occupy a broad niche because of their non-specific adaptations (wolves, hares)
Specialist - Occupy a narrow niche because of their specific adaptations (koalas, pandas)

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11
Q

Two types of competition in nature?

A

Interspecific competition - Occurs between different species
Intraspecific competition - Occurs between members of the same species

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12
Q

The three types of symbiotic relationships?

A

Mutualism (both benefit), Commensalism (one benefits), parasitism (one benefits at the expense of the host)

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13
Q

Difference between parasites and predators?

A

Predators kill their prey to consume them
Parasites avoid killing their host because they would have to find a new one

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14
Q

Definition of heritable traits?

A

Characteristics that are passed on from parents to their offspring are said to be heritable

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15
Q

How are heritable traits passed down?

A

Through genes, the genetic material contained within the nucleus of every cell in your body

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16
Q

Two types of reproduction?

A

Asexual and sexual reproduction

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17
Q

Four main types of asexual reproduction

A
  • Binary fission
  • Asexual spores
  • Budding
  • Asexual reproduction in plants (Vegetative reproduction)
18
Q

Define binary fission

A
  • Used by single-celled organisms such as amoeba
  • The cell duplicates its genetic material and splits into two genetically identical cells
  • All offspring are identical
19
Q

Define asexual spores

A
  • Used by fungi
  • Organism’s genetic info is copied in each single-celled spore, which are released and spread through wind, rain, etc
  • Some spores, known as zoospores, have a flagella (a tail-like structure) to help them move around
  • Spores grow to become an exact copy of parent
20
Q

Define budding

A
  • Used by small animals like sea sponges and hydras
  • As the organism grows, one of its cells will form a bud and start to grow on its own
  • When the bud has completely developed, it detaches
  • The bud is an exact copy of the original organism
21
Q

Define vegetative reproduction

A

-

22
Q

What are gametes?

A

Egg and sperm

23
Q

What is a zygote?

A

single fertilized cell created by the joining of a sperm and egg

24
Q

Zygospores vs Zoospores

A
  • Zygospores are a thick-walled structure and can only be formed by the fusion of an egg (female gamete) and a male gamete
  • Zoospores are an asexual spore that are flagellated (have a tail) and do not need a mate
25
Q

Bacterial conjunction

A
  • Some bacteria are able to simply transfer genetic material directly from one cell to another
  • No new cell is formed (so technically it is not reproductive), but both bacteria involved in the transfer end up having a new combination of genes
  • Bacteria with this mixture of genetic info will eventually reproduce using binary fission, resulting in many duplicates of the new bacteria
  • Allows for variation and new inherited traits to be passed on
26
Q

Gymnosperms vs Angiosperms

A

GYMNOSPERMS
- Used by coniferous trees like spruce, pine and fir.
- Do not form flowers or fruit; instead, seeds are produced inside cones
ANGIOSPERMS
- Used by flowering plants.
- Produce seeds that are covered by fruit.
- Seed is formed when the pollen (sperm) and the ovule (egg) unite during pollination

27
Q

Parts of the stamen

A
  • Anther (produces pollen)
  • Filament (holds up anther)
28
Q

Parts of the Carpel/Pistil

A
  • Stigma (sticky lip outside of tube, catches pollen)
  • Style (tube that brings polen down to the ovary
  • Ovary (Where ovules are found)
29
Q

Two types of fertilization?

A

Internal (egg is fertilized inside the body)
External (egg is fertilized outside the body)

30
Q

What is cleavage?

A

Cell division of the zygote to create a multicellular being

31
Q

What are genes?

A

the sections of chromosomes or strands of DNA that code for different traits

32
Q

What are heritable traits?

A

Traits that are passed down from the parents to the offspring

33
Q

What are the two types of genetic varitation + example of each

A
  • Discrete (variations with limited possibilities, either you have it or you don’t) eg. Widows peak, hitchiker’s thumb
  • Continous (variations with a range of possibilties) eg. Height, hair color
34
Q

Define epigenetics?

A

The study of how environmental factors influence gene expression

35
Q

How many chromosones do humans have?

A

46 (23 pairs)

36
Q

What are alleles?

A

two possible forms of a gene

37
Q

Dominant vs resessive allele

A

The dominant allele will be the one that is expressed
The ressesive allele is not expressed, but the coding for it will still be passed down in DNA

38
Q

Genotype vs Phenotype

A

Genotype - the alleles that you have
Phenotype - The traits you express

39
Q

Define mutation

A

A random error in DNA

40
Q

Define mutagen

A

A chemical or physical agent that can induce changes in DNA (lead paint, UV rays, ect.)

41
Q

What base pairs go together?

A

A and T, G and C

42
Q

Phenotype vs Genotype

A

Genotype - the alleles you have
Phenotype - the genes you express

Science Unit 1: Biological Diversity (2 decks)

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