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Histopathology > Part 1 > Flashcards

Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Enumerate the tissue processing

A

Fixation
Dehydration
Clearing
Impregnation
Embedding
Trimming
Section cutting
Staining
Mounting
Labeling

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2
Q

First and most critical step in tissue processing

A

Fixation

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3
Q

1’ aim of fixation

A

Preserve cell

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4
Q

2’ aim of fixation

A

Harden and protect tissues

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5
Q

Different fixatives

A

Microanatomical fixatives
Cytological
Nuclear
Cytoplasmic
Histochemical

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6
Q

Formaldehyde stock ang working

A

Stock: 37-40%
Working: 10% (unstable)

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7
Q

Best general tissue fixative

A

10% Neutral Buffered Formalin

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8
Q

Best fixative for tissue

A

10% Neutral Buffered Formalin

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9
Q

Rate of tissue penetration

A

1mm/hr

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10
Q

Ratio of FIXATIVE TO TISSUE

A

20:1

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11
Q

Ratio of FIXATIVE TO TISSUE (PROLONGED)

A

50-100:1

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12
Q

Ratio of DECALCIFYING AGENT TO TISSUE

A

20:1

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13
Q

Decalcifying agents

A

Acids
Chelating agents
Ion exchange resins
Electrophoresis

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14
Q

Most common decalcifying agent

A

HNO3 (NITRIC ACID)

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15
Q

Both FIXATIVE and DECALCIFYING AGENT

A

5% Formic Acid

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16
Q

Best general decalcifying agent

A

5% Formic Acid

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17
Q

Decalcifying agent for small bones and teeth

A

5% Formic Acid

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18
Q

Tissue Softeners

A

4% phenol
Molliflex (soapy and swollen tissue)
2% Hcl
1% Hcl with 70% alcohol

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19
Q

Aim of DEHYDRATION

A

Remove fixatives and water

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20
Q

Dehydration:
A. Ascending grades of alcohol
B. Descending grades of alcohol

A

A. Ascending grades of alcohol

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21
Q

Ratio of DEHYDRATING AGENT to TISSUE

A

10:1

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22
Q

Dest dehydrating agent

A

Ethanol

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23
Q

Dehydrating agent for BLOOD and TISSUE FILMS

A

Methanol

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24
Q

Dehydrating agent for PLANTS and ANIMALS

A

Butanol

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25
Q

Denatured Alcohol

A

ETHANOL and METHANOL

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26
Q

Both FIXATIVE and DEHYDRATING AGENT

A

Acetone

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27
Q

Both DEHYDRATING AGENT and CLEARING AGENT

A

Dioxane (diethylene dioxide)

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28
Q

Most commonly used clearing agent

A

Xylene

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29
Q

Time (CLEARING)

A

1/2 to 1 hour

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30
Q

Substitute for Xylene/benzene

A

Toluene

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31
Q

Ratio of INFILTRATING MEDIUM to TISSUE

A

25:1

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32
Q

Different types of medium

A

Paraffin wax
Celloidin
Gelatin
Plastic

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33
Q

Paraffin is Introduced by

A

Butschlii

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34
Q

This medium is not recommended for fatty tissues

A

Paraffin

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35
Q

Temp (EMBEDDING)

A

2-5’C above

36
Q

Double embedding is for?

A

Brain

37
Q

Double Embedding
1st:
2nd:

A

1st: celloidin
2nd: paraffin

38
Q

Cold knife procedure
Knife:
Tissue:
Environment:

A

Knife: -40 to -60 ‘C
Tissue: 5 to -10’C
Environment: 0 to -10’C

39
Q

Cryostat Temperature

A

-18 to -20 ‘C

40
Q

Freeze drying
Quenching:
Sublimation:

A

Quenching: -160’C
Sublimation: -40’C

41
Q

Algor mortis (Temp)

A

7’F/hr
3.89’C/hr

42
Q

Removing excess WX after embedding

A

Trimming

43
Q

Ideal shape for trimming

A

Four-sided prism

44
Q

Microtomy
ROUTINE HISTOPATH (rotary)

A

4-6um

45
Q

Microtomy
Freezing

A

10-15 um

46
Q

Microtomy Ultrathin

A

0.5 um

47
Q

Trefall/Simplest Microtome

A

Rocking/Cambridge Microtome

48
Q

Minot
MOST COMMONLY USED for Paraffin Embedded Tissues

A

Rotary/Minot Microtome

49
Q

Most dangerous microtome

A

Sliding microtome

50
Q

Movable knife microtome

A

Sliding microtome

51
Q

2 types of Sliding Microtome

A

Base sledge
Standard sliding

52
Q

Knife to tissue block angle

A

0-15’ angle

53
Q

Bevel angle

A

27-32

54
Q

Removal of gross nicks

A

Honing

55
Q

Heal to toe

A

Honing

56
Q

Types of honing

A

Belgium yellow
Arkansas
Fine carborundum

57
Q

Removal of gross burrs

A

Stropping

58
Q

Toe to heel

A

Stropping

59
Q

Natural Dyes are derived from

A

Plants and animals

60
Q

Natural Dyes

A

Hematoxylin
Cochineal dyes: female Coccus cacti
Orcein: from lochens
Saffron

61
Q

Aka coal tar dyes

A

Synthetic dye

62
Q

Synthetic dye is derived from

A

Benzene

63
Q

Color bearer

A

Chromophores

64
Q

Dyeing property

A

Auxochrome

65
Q

Benze + Chromophore

A

Chromogen

66
Q

Chromogen + auxochrome

A

Dye

67
Q

Imparts color temporarily

A

Chromogen

68
Q

Imparts color permanently

A

Dye

69
Q

Hematoxylin other name

A

Hematoxylin capechianum

70
Q

Nucler/basic/primary stain

A

Hemtoxylin

71
Q

1st to use hematoxylin

A

Waldeyer

72
Q

Active coloring substance

A

Hematein

73
Q

H & E Staining Steps

A
  1. Xylol
  2. Descending grades of alcohol
  3. H2O
  4. Remove fixative artifact pigments after rehydration and before staining
  5. Stain (nucleus: light blue)
  6. H2O
  7. Acid Alcohol
  8. Ammonia water
  9. Wash
  10. Stain: eosin
  11. Ascending grades of alcohol
  12. Xylene
  13. Mount and label
74
Q

Oldest stain

A

Iodine

75
Q

Stains Hgb

A

Benzidine

76
Q

Stains RNA and DNA

A

Acridine orange

77
Q

Stains tissue, amyloid, myelin

A

Congo red

78
Q

Stains ascaris egg

A

Malachite green

79
Q

Stains mitochondria

A

Janus green

80
Q

Different types of adhesives

A

Mayer’s egg albumin
Dried albumin
Gelatin
Gelatin - formaldehyde
Starch paste
Plasma
Poly - L - Lysine

81
Q

Refractive index of glass

A

1.518

82
Q

Contains xylene

A

Resinous media

83
Q

For lipids (no xylene)

A

Aqueous media

84
Q

Standard mounting medium
For fat stains

A

Glycerin jelly

85
Q

Canada balsam aka

A

Abus balsamea

86
Q

1st to describe the 4 signs of inflammation

A

Cornelius Celsus

87
Q

Methods of staining

A

Direct staining (w/o mordant)
Indirect Staining (w/ mordant)

Histopathology (2 decks)

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