Part 1 Flashcards
What is Phenomena?
occurrences, circumstances, or facts that are perceptible by the senses
What is Consistency (Consistent) Research?
the degree to which similar findings are reported from investigations of the same research question in studies that have similar and different designs
What is Critical Appraisal?
the assessment of a study’s methodological quality - taking into consideration:
- its validity
- its results
- its relevancy
What is Evidence-informed Nursing?
the incorporation of evidence from research, clinical expertise, client preferences, and other available resources to make decisions about clients
What is Evidence-informed Practice?
the decision making that is a continuous, interactive process involving the explicit, conscientious, and judicious consideration of the best available evidence to provide care
What are some knowledge sources for nurses?
- nursing journals
- medical journals
- nursing research journals
What are the Human Rights in Nursing Research? (5)
- right to self-determination (autonomy)
- right to privacy
- right anonymity and confidentiality
- right to fair treatment
- right to protection from discomfort and harm
What are the Ethical Principles in Nursing Research?
- Respect for persons: informed consent, respect for privacy
- Beneficence: sound research design, competent investigators, favourable risk-benefit ratio
- Justice: equitable selection of participants
When does Informed Consent end?
It is ongoing throughout the study
What needs to be told to a participant in regards to the Research Study?
- purpose of research
- expected duration for participant
- description of procedures
- identification of experimental procedure
What needs to be told to a participant in regards to Confidentiality?
- Privacy
- anonymity
- how records will be kept secure
What is Minimal Risk?
Research in which the probability and magnitude of possible harms implied by participation in the research is no greater than those encountered by participants in those aspects of their everyday life that relate to the research
What is Above Minimal Risk?
Research in which probability and magnitude of possible harms implied by participation in the research is greater than those encountered by participants in the aspects of their everyday life that relate to the research
What is Physical Risk?
risk of harm through bodily contact of administration of any substance, device, or other intervention
What is Psychological or Emotional Harm?
risks of harm due to feeling embarrassed, uncomfortable, anxious or upset
What are the goals of Critical Reading?
- recognize author/paper’s purpose
- understand tone and convincing elements
- to recognize strengths & weakness
What are the different stages of the Critical Reading Process?
- preliminary understanding: skim abstract & article
- Comprehensive understanding: understanding author’s intent
- Analysis understanding: Understand parts, critique sounds
- Synthesis understanding: put together and make sense
What are the steps of Evidence Informed Practise?
- Ask critical questions
- Gather evidence
- Assess/Appraise the evidence
- Act
- Evaluate
What is a Literature Review?
Systematic and critical appraisal of the most important literature on a topic
What is data-based research reports?
Original research
What is Conceptual/Theoretical Literature?
Discuss topic, theory, concept
Where might you see a Lit Review?
- embedded in a research report
- Stand alone literature reviews
What are Primary Sources?
Author(s) are those who conducted the study or developed the theory/model
What are Secondary Sources?
- author is someone other than the person who conducted the study, developed the theory/model
ex. Systematic review
What is Research Utilization?
A subset of evidence informed practice that focuses on the application of research findings
What is PICOT?
Research components that all research papers have to have
P - Population
I - Intervention
C - Comparison
O - Outcome
T - Time
How do you develop a Research Question?
- Idea emerges
- brain-storming
- Literature review
- Variables
- Refine Research Question
What is a Variable?
an attribute or property in which organisms vary (people, events, objects)
What is an Independent Variable?
the variable that has the presumed effect on the dependent variable
- it is either manipulated or not manipulated
What is a Dependent Variable?
The presumed effect that varies with a change in the independent variable
- it is not manipulated
What is a Population?
- a well defined set that has certain properties
- it is either specified or implied in the research question
What is a Hypothesis?
- states a prediction
- must involve at least two variables
- must suggest a predicted relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable
- must contain terms that indicate a relationship
What is a Simple Hypothesis?
Expresses a predicted relationship between one independent variable and one dependent variable
What is a Complex Hypothesis?
States a predicted relationship between two or more independent variables and/or two or more dependent variables
What is a Directional Hypothesis?
Predicts the direction of a relationship
What is a Non-directional Hypothesis?
Predicts the existence of a relationship, not it’s direction
What is a Research Hypothesis?
States the actual prediction of a relationship
What is a Statistical or Null Hypothesis?
Expresses the absence of a relationship (used only in statistical testing)
What is a Paradigm?
(worldview) sets of beliefs and practices shared by communities of researchers
What is Ontology?
the ‘study of being’
What is Epistemology?
the theory of knowledge and deals with how knowledge is gathered and from which sources
What is Methodology?
the process through which knowledge is acquired
What is a Post-positivist approach?
a critique of both the ontological and epistemological foundations of theories of knowledge
What types of Characteristics does Quantitative Research have?
- Realism
- Objective
- Etic Perspective
- Deductive
What types of Characteristics does Qualitative Research have?
- Relativism
- Subjective
- Emic perspective
- Inductive
What is the process of Inductive Reasoning?
Observation -> Generalization -> Paradigm
What is the process of Deductive Reasoning?
Theory -> Predictions -> Experiment
Why do we need Theoretical Underpinning?
Because it provides a rationale for predictions about the relationships among variables of a research study
What is a Theoretical Framework?
a structure of concepts, theories, or both
What is a Conceptual definition?
conveying general meaning of the concept
What is a Operational definition?
specifies how the concept will be measured: that is, what instruments will be used to capture the essence of the variable
Where does theory fit in quantitative theory?
- testing a theory-based intervention
- using a theory/model as an organizing or interpretive structure
Where does theory fit in qualitative research?
- theory may be used to frame the problem or questions
- qualitative research may be used to generate theory
What is Grounded Theory?
a systematic set of procedures used to explore the social processes that guide human interaction and inductively develop a theory on the basis of those observations
What is the Goal of Grounded Theory?
to discover underlying social forces that shape human behaviour (basic social processes)
What is Theoretical Sampling?
Once a hypothesis/theory is starting to develop, going back and choosing specific participants to fill in the gaps of the theory you have
- asking more questions, focusing on the areas you want info on
What is specific about Grounded Theory?
the simultaneous collecting and analysis
What is Ethnography?
the method of scientifically describing cultural groups
What is Ethnographic Method’s View?
Emic View
What are the different types of info collected in Ethnography?
- cultural behaviour
- cultural artifacts
- cultural speech
What is Participatory Action Research (PAR)?
research that seeks to understand and improve the world by changing it
What are some ethical considerations for qualitative research?
- naturalistic settings
- Emergent nature of the design
- researcher-participant interaction
- researcher as instrument
What is Phenomenology?
a science whose purpose is to describe particular phenomena, or the appearance of things, as lived experience
What is Hermeneutic Philosophy?
establishes context and meaning for what people do - constructing the reality on the basis of their interpretations of data (from the participants)
What is Descriptivist Phenomenology?
any prior knowledge the researcher has about the phenomena should not influence the study
What is Interpretivist Phenomenology?
the researcher’s prior knowledge or experience of the phenomena under investigation is integral to the study
What is Intuiting?
Acquiring knowledge without conscious reasoning
What is Bracketing?
Deliberately putting aside one’s own belief about the phenomenon
What is Intersubjectivity?
a person’s belief that other people share a common world with him/her
What are the 5 key points of Phenomenology?
- intensive dialogue
- critique of positivism
- interpretation of life
- share a common world
- aware of and examine their own prejudices and values
In reference to Sampling, what is Quantitative Research’s goals?
to produce a ‘representative’ group of participants so results from your ‘sample’ can be generalized to the population (of interest)
In reference to Sampling, what is Qualitative Research’s goals?
less interested in representative sample, more interested in Transferable (people can relate), but still need to find people to participate that fit the picture
What are Probability Sampling strategies?
- equal & independent probability of selection
- need complete sampling frame
- rarely used
What are Non-Probability Sampling Strategies?
- elements chosen non-randomly
- very common
- purposive
- network/snowball
- theoretical
- Convenience
What type of research is only related to non-probability sampling?
Qualitative
What is Convenience Non-Probability Sampling?
- recruitment through posters/emails
- Most common, but most problematic because of bias because people who are more likely to come forward might be specifically fitted
What is Purposive Non-Probability Sampling?
Hand-pick ‘typical’ elements using specific criteria
What is Snowball/Network Non-Probability Sampling?
- useful for hard-to-locate elements
- find participants then have participants name others they know with same condition
What is Theoretical Non-Probability Sampling?
- used in grounded theory research to build theory
- groups should be selected based on their theoretical relevance to further the development of emerging categories
What is Data Saturation?
the point in a research process where enough data has been collected to draw necessary conclusions, and any further data collection will not produce value-added insights.
What is a Structured Interview?
Very specific questions, doesn’t allow room for elaborating
What is a Semi-structured Interview?
probing questions, with elaborating questions
What is an Unstructured Interview?
broad open-ended questions, let participants take the wheel, ask specific questions to get the info they need, but mainly lets the participants talk
What is Social Desirability Bias?
when people tell you what they think the researcher wants to hear
What is Interviewer Bias?
when you as the researcher, have a formed bias when asking questions
What is Data Reduction?
the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and transforming the data that appear in written up field notes or transcriptions
What is Coding?
a progressive marking, sorting, resorting, and defining and redefining of the collected data
What should Codes be?
- valid
- mutually exclusive
- exhaustive
What is Credibility?
The truth of findings as judged by participants and others within the discipline
What is Auditability?
can it be audited (can the research process replicated)
What is Fittingness?
the degree to which study findings are applicable outside the study situation and the degree to which the results are meaningful to individuals not involved in the research
What is Confirmability?
is there potential for congruence between 2 or more people about the data’s accuracy, relevance, or meaning
What is Transferability?
extent to which findings have applicability in other settings or groups
What is Reflexivity/Reflexive Journaling?
critical self-reflection of one’s own biases, preconceptions
What is the Audit Trail?
reviewing all documents relating to the study
What is Triangulation?
use of multiple methods or data sources in qualitative research to develop a comprehensive understanding of phenomena
What is Method Triangulation?
Using multiple methods of data collection
What is Investigator Triangulation?
two or more researchers to make decisions
What is Conversational Tone?
uses quotations from participants experiencing the phenomena
