PART 1 Flashcards
In milk industry there are high demand, but___
low in supply
The protein content of human milk is substantially ___ than that of other species and the lactose level is quite ___
lower
high
two groups of proteins present in raw milk
casein
whey proteins
form over 80% of the total protein in milk,
casein
caseins can be denatured
no
whey proteins can be denatured thru heat
true
Lactose is a polysaccharide of ____ and galactose
disaccharide
glucose
fat content of cow, horse, sheep, buffalo
3-4,2,7,8%
Disease due to bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis has been controlled through milk ____
pasteurization
Globally, dairy products are responsible for approximately __% of outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease where a food vehicle has been identified; __% is attributable to milk and milk products and __% to cakes and ice cream
__% of outbreaks are attributable to eggs and egg products, and __% to meat and meat products.
21%
8%
13%
23%
15%
an adulterant which increases protein but is nephrotoxic
melamine
process which removes solid
clarification
An individual cow SCC of ____ indicates an ‘uninfected’ cow, where there are no significant production losses due to subclinical mastitis.
100,000 or less
A threshold SCC of ___ would determine whether a cow is infected with mastitis
200,000
Cows with a result of ____ are highly likely to be infected on at least one quarter.
> 200k
SCC is comprised of
mammary epithelial cell
WBC
____and____ have been known to impart an odor taint in sheep milk
Breeding rams and billy goat
Certain chemicals or combinations of chemicals may result in tainting
phenolic detergents alongside hypochlorite
____ should be actively discouraged throughout, and there should be hygienic arrangements for the disposal of waste materials and discarded milk.
Vermin
milking parlor clothing should be separated from clothing used in animal housing, etc
true
The bottle is then emptied via a milk transfer line into the bulk milk storage tank, where it is held under refrigeration temp of _____ until collection by the milk tanker vehicle.
(6°C or less)
The bulk tank should be housed in a separate room, considered to be a ‘low-risk’ area, which is used for no other purpose.
false. ‘high-risk
the ____ is commonly used for milk harvest while cows are at summer pasture.
‘milking bail’
is a mobile milking parlour which is positioned at a site close to the cows, often in a corner of the pasture, close to the gate.
milking bail
what is added during fortification
vit. A and D
equipments should be ___-resistant
corrosion
Metal piping is commonly used, usually a ____, or stainless steel.
steel-nickel alloy
this material there is the risk of breakage, resulting in foreign body contamination of the milk, and also safety issues with personnel.
glass tubing
is often used to form corner-pieces, gaskets to provide good seals, and for teat cup liners but prone to deteriorate with time as the rubber slowly perishes.
rubber
Sick animals may be treated with therapeutic medicines, and during and after treatment their milk should be discarded, until such time has passed that there is no risk of residues of those medicinal products being present in the milk
true
fterm to describe the first milk collected
foremilk
when receiving milk, only use containers made up of _____ material
stainless
milk can be warm during transport
cold
slowly cool milk to 4°C to minimize any increase of microbial load of the milk
false. rapidly
4Ms in milk production
materials, methods, machines,manpower
More severe heat treatment to inactivate/ kill the most he: resistant bacterial microorganisms, which are the spores of Bacillus and Clostridium
sterilization
LTLT =
HTST =
63C, 30mins
72C, 15s
milk packaging should be rinsed and clean with ultrafiltered water or chlorinated water 50 ppm 5-10 mins
true
Ideal aerobic plate count (APC) at 30°C of cow
no more than 100k organisms per ml
Ideal aerobic plate count (APC) at 30°C of sheep, goats, buffalo
w/ heat: no more than 1.5M
w/o heat: NMT 500k
A disadvantage of warm filtration is that some undesirable material, for example some dirt particles, becomes soluble when heated, and therefore will not be trapped in the filter.
true
When the dairy is first constructed, regard should be given both to the___ and ___
topography of the land and to the services available.
stainless steel code for milk containers
SS304 OR 316
What do compositional analysis tests
fat, proteom, lactose, solids other than fat
what are tested in microbiological
coliform, aerobic, TPC
give the platform tests
COB, sedimentation, acidity, lacotmeter, alcohol precipitation test, antibiotic
quality control, specification, and inspection is what M in 4M
materials
what should be done in machines to ensure safe and quality milk
regular sanitation, maintenance, and calibration
manpower should have..
proper training and hygiene
methods should follow
gmp, haccp, standardization
Usually the milk is passed from the__ through a coarse filter to remove large particles and foreign bodies.
silo
T/F the milk is cold, during pasteurization, or immediately after pasteurization
true
In milk that has not been homogenized, the cells remain in__ and are not detected by eye, but in homogenized milk, they precipitate out and settle at the __ of the container, leaving an unsightly, though harmless, ___
suspension
base
grey sediment
- This makes the milk easier to digest and more palatable, but it can activate lipase in the milk, which will impart a rancid flavour.
homogenization
milk in filled and seamed cans is placed in a retort and steamed at ___°C for ___ min, dependent on can size.
115-120
15 to 20
denatures milk enzymes, and this can be used as a test or correct pasteurization.
● Pasteurization
To test for phosphatase activity, milk at 37°C is mixed with a __, and a color change indicator (2,6-di-bromoquinonechlorine) added.
phenylphosphoric ester
Alkaline Phosphatase Test is sensitive enough to detect __% raw milk added to pasteurized milk, a _-min reduction in holding time if using the holding method of pasteurization, or a °C loss in temperature during the pasteurization process.
0.1
5
1
heat tx decreases vitamin C and thiamine around
20, and 10
