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Block 4 week 2 Dani > Parks Cell injury repair and wound healing > Flashcards

Parks Cell injury repair and wound healing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the phases of cutaneous wound healing?

A

injury-> coagulation-> early inflammation (neutrophils)-> late inflammation (macrophages)-> proliferation-> remodeling

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2
Q

Whats the first thing you need to do to a wound and what does this?

A

clean it up, macrophages

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3
Q

There are 2 ways a tissue can repair itself. The most common way is (blank) . But, tissues like the superficial epidermis and liver can regenerate their cells to heal almost to normal.

A

scarring

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4
Q

When you get a corneal abrasion, stem cells come and heal it right up, what kind of healing is this?

A

regeneration

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5
Q

What contains the corneal stem cells?

A

the limbus

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6
Q

Crypt cells in your colon are (blank)

A

stem cells

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7
Q

Where do embryonic stem cells come from and what are they?

A

blastocysts

pluripotent

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8
Q

The faster you treat a patient, the less liquifactive necrosis and the greater possibility of (blank)

A

regeneration

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9
Q

If you have persistant tissue damage what will happen?

A

scarring/fibrosis

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10
Q

Liver, superificial skin wounds, pneumonia all undergo what kind of healing?

A

regeneration

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11
Q

MI and deep excisional wound undergo what kind of healing?

A

scar formation

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12
Q

Can cardiac myocytes regenerate?

A

nope, so they heal by scarring

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13
Q

scarring is made up of what?

does it contract

A

collagen

no (which is why heart failure happens, you cant stretch your heart for pumping)

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14
Q

What are nondividing permanent cells (terminally differentiated cells)?

A

cant make them go into cell cycle

like neurons, cardiacmyocytes

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15
Q

What are continuously cycling cells (labile cells)?

A

cells that continously cycle (superficial skin cells, oral cavity, GI tract)

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16
Q

What are stable cells?

A

cells that divide only when needed like hepatocytse

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17
Q

How do you kick cells into the cell cycle?

A

growth factors

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18
Q

What does VEGF do?

A

stimulate proliferation of endothelial cells; increases vascular permeability

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19
Q

What does EGF do?

A

mitogenic for keratinocytes and fibroblasts; stimulates keratinocyte migration; stimulates formation of granulation tissue
(hits up parenchymal cells)

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20
Q

What does TGF do?

A

chemotactic for leukocytes and fibroblasts; stimulates ECM protein synthesis; suppresses acute inflammation
( makes fibroblasts, collagen and ECM)

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21
Q

(blank) is one of the main fibrogenic factors and what does it do?

A

TGF beta

stimulates fibroblasts to produce Type III collagen (this gets replaced w/ type I later)

22
Q

What can macrophages, platelets, and epidermal squamos cells produce?

A

TGF

23
Q

Why are clots important for healing?

A

because it contains macrophages, platelets, fibrin. and gives you growth factors to heal

24
Q

How do you coordinate the signals from the growth factors with signals from the ECM?

A

via integrins, which elicit cross talk

25
Q

What helps to coordinate proliferation, remodeling and apoptosis?

A

integrins

26
Q

How do you want a wound to look?

A

red with granulation tissue (indicating you have blood vessels) and dry

27
Q

How do we stimulate angiogenesis?

A

VEGF-> stimulates residual endothelium to sprout new vessels and recruit pericytes to form new vessels

28
Q

In angiogenesis from (blank), endothelial cells from these vessels become motile and proliferate to form capillary sprouts. Regardless of the initiating mechanism, vessel maturation (stabilization) involves the recruitment of pericytes and smooth muscles cells to form the periendothelial layer.

A

preexisting vessels

29
Q

Where do you get the endothelial precursor cells (EPCs) ?

A

from bone marrow

30
Q

(blank) are mobilized from the bone marrow and may migrate to a site of injury or tumor growth. At these sites, (blank) differentiate and form a mature network by linking to existing vessels.

A

EPCs

EPCs

31
Q

So what are the 2 ways to get angiogenesis

A

from preexisting vessels

from mobilization of EPCs from the bone marrow

32
Q

What is this tissue:

vascular, edematous, weak and red

A

granulation tissue

33
Q

You want your wound to get red, so what should you put on them?

A

hydrogen peroxide

34
Q

What does your body do to your granulation?

A

turns it into scar tissue (this is why your scars on your arm goes from red to white)

35
Q

When you break your bones what happens?

A

you get a hematoma
get granulation tissue (get some blood vessels)
get remodeled

36
Q

When you hear ECM what should your mind be thinking?

A

fibroblasts (cuz they make collagen)

37
Q

What is re-epithelization?

How do we do this?

A

re-growth of the epidermis

EGF

38
Q

What is special about the basilar epidermis?

A

they have skin stem cells

39
Q

What is the first intention of healing?

A

when you approx. the skin edges together so that it heals better

40
Q

What is second intention of healing?

A

allow the wound to granulate (open wound)

41
Q

Wound healing is affected by (blank)

A 
many factors:
meds
blood supply
nutrition
size/shape of wound
diabetes
infection
foreign material
degree of immobilization
42
Q

Do steroids help with wound healing or hurt wound healing?

A

HURT IT!

43
Q

(blank) is an area of irregular fibrous tissue formed at the site of a scar or injury. Is it painful?

A

keloid

no, it just is cosmetically annoying

44
Q

What is the first thing you do with a wound?

A

immobilize it!

45
Q

How does your heart heal after a heart attack?

A

days 1-3: neutrophils are trafficked to the infarcted area
days 3-7 macrophages come and soften area
days7-10: early granulation tissue which peaks around 14 days and begins being replaced by fibrosis/scarring
scarring becomes dense and complete in 2 months or greater

46
Q

How come within 4 to 7 days of having an MI, the area of the heart is very soft and fragile?

A

because there are no myocytes and only macrophages. Which can result in rupture and thus cardiac tamponade

47
Q

What is this:

compression of the heart by an accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac.

A

tamponade

48
Q

What can myocardial softening do to the papillary muscles?

What would this result in?

A

Breakage of them
probably dysfunction of the attached mitral heart valve which would result in regurgitation of blood which can lead to heart failure because of inefficient pumping of blood

49
Q

Why does the patient die in cardiac tamponade?

A

pericardium fills up and squeezes the heart so it cannot pump and then the patient dies of shock

50
Q

What are the four endogenous sources of cardiomyocytes?

A

cardiomyocyte replication

niches of cardiac stem or progenitor cells

bone marrow-derived cardiac

stem or progenitor cells

epicardially derived cardiomyocytes

51
Q

What are the three exogenous sources of cardiomyocytes?

A

embryonic stem cells
induced pluripotent stem cells
mesenchymal progenitor cells

52
Q

When you have cardiac failure or something that ruins your myocytes, how do you heal this and why is this a problem?

A

you heal this via scarring and fibroblasts, which means you have a lot of collagen and reduced contraction

Block 4 week 2 Dani (8 decks)

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