Parks: Cell Injury, adaption and cell death Flashcards
How should you address a patients inflammation?
What cells are being injured? What is etiology of the injury? Stop the cell/tissue injury Contain the damage Clear/remove the damage cells and tissue Help the tissue repair itself and bring it back to as near normal function as possible
Accidental cell death?
programmed cell death?
necrosis
apoptosis
What are the five different adaptations that can take place after chronic stress or insult?
hypertrophy atrophy hyperplasia metaplasia dysplasia
What hypetrophys in the muscle cell?
the cytoplasm and the nucleus
How should you think about a hypertrophic heart?
think of it as having acute vasoconstriction so not enough blood can get through
What is atrophy?
cells get smaller (can occur with disuse)
What is hypertrophy?
the enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in SIZE of its cells.
What is hyperplasia?
increase in number of cells from a persistant stress/stimulus
(blank) is “abnormal” and usually leads to irregular-heavy periods (meno-metrorrhagia) or PMB (post-menopausal uterine bleeding)
endometrial hyperplasia
epidermal hyperplasia is called (blanK)
psoriasis (increased keritanocytes i.e epidermal hyperplasia)
What is this:
Common from anovulatory cycles and unopposed estrogen, the stressor. Persistent uterine bleeding from endometrial breakdown can occur leading to anemia.
endometrial hyperplasia
What is this:
Epidermal hyperplasia from chronic inflammation. Large skin plaques can result.
psoriasis (idiopathic)
What is this an example of:
cigarette smoke in bronchus-> irritates ciliated columnar epithelium -> turn into squamos cells
squamos metaplasia
(blank) is when one cell type switches to another cell type. It’s a cell adaptation.
metaplasia
Is metaplasia reversible?
usually if the noxious stressor is removed, if not then it may go into dysplasia and dysplasia can lead to cancer :(
What does this describe:
gastric reflux turns normal squamos epithelium into glandular epithelium turning into barrett’s esophagus.
metaplasia
What is usually the stage before cancer?
dysplasia
What is this:
the enlargement of an organ or tissue by the proliferation of cells of an ABNORMAL type,
dysplasia
What is the main difference between metaplasia and dysplasia?
dysplasia is irreversible while metaplasia is reversible
What kind of necrosis does ischemia cause?
coagulative (or ischemic) necrosis.
Why is cocaine bad for your blood?
it causes vasospasms and thus obstruction of blood flow which may result in ischemic necrosis or MI via blood clots
What am I talking about:
swelling of ER and mito->breakdown of PM, organelles and nucleus, leakage of contents (i.e. cell explodes due to membrane popping)
necrosis
What am I talking about:
condensation of chromatin
cellular fragmentation
phagocytosis of cell fragments
apoptosis
How come the cell dies without oxygen?
cuz you need it to gain ATP, you get loss of ATP. So anaerobic glycolysis kicks in to compensate and a bunch of hydrogen gets made (lactic acid). So we pump this out of the cell in exchange for sodium. All this sodium inhibits the sodium calcium exchanger so you end up with increased Calcium, sodium. This brings a ton of water into the cell OH NO SWELLING! This increased calcium activates phospholipase which breaks down the membranes. Dead cell
