parkinsons disease Flashcards
Neurons in the ____________and ___________gradually break down or die
basal ganglia and substantia nigra
two neurotransmitters affected/lossed
loss of dopamine and norepinephrine
what dementia can be caused by PD
lewy body
pervalence and cause
cause is unknown, 1 in 500 Canadians, more common in men, 60+
medications to help
Meds focused on replenishing dopamine levels in the brain
(Increase, substitute, or mimic dopamine)
Meds focused on helping nonmotor symptoms
surgical intervention for PD
Deep brain stimulation (implementation of electrodes)
3 most common motor symptoms
Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
Rigidity (muscle stiffness)
Tremors (involuntary shaking movements)
Bradykinesia
Reduced speed and amplitude of voluntary movements, which can make activities like walking, reaching, or writing difficult
Rigidity
Increased muscle tone causes resistance to passive movement, leading to joint stiffness and discomfort
two types of tremors
Resting Tremor- resting tremor appears at rest and is more common in those with PD
Action Tremor- is a type of tremor that occurs when preforming Voluntary Movement- meaning the tremor appears while actively moving a body part
Festination
Involuntary quickening of pace or shortening of stride
Retropulsion
A tendency to lean backwards causing a loss of balance
Dystonia
A movement disorder causing muscles to involuntarily contract
Freezing
A sudden and temporary inability to perform movements
Micrographia
Small handwriting that becomes more difficult to read due to decreasing size of letters
Is a common symptom that can be see early on as a sign indicating the condition
Hypophonia
Voice becomes abnormally weak/soft and can sound “breathy”
masked face vs apathy
Masked Face is a physical symptom related to motor function, particularly the reduced movement of facial muscles due to the motor deficits of Parkinson’s disease.
Apathy is a psychological and emotional symptom, reflecting a lack of motivation or emotional engagement, which is also related to the disease’s neurological impact.
two types of best cueing with PD
auditory (counting out loud + reminding them to step big)and visual (using visual prompts when walking)
how can expression help with PD
facial expressions and vocal can help articulate movement
body functions affected (non-motor)
Autonomic Dysfunction: Brain Stem
-Bowel Dysfunction
-Bladder Dysfunction
-Breathing and respiratory difficulties:
Sleep Disturbances:
-REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD): Vivid dreams, nightmares, and motor movements during sleep.
-Insomnia: Difficulty falling asleep or maintaining sleep due to discomfort or stiffness.
sensory impairments with PD
Hyposmia (Loss of Smell): An early symptom in many PD patients.
Pain: Chronic pain, especially in muscles and joints, as part of motor and non-motor disturbances.
Vertigo and dizziness
Vision changes
Cognitive & Psychological Impacts
Depression: Common in PD patients due to neurochemical changes.
Anxiety: Occurs due to the stress of dealing with symptoms and progression of the disease.
Apathy: lack of emotion, interest, enthusiasm or motivation, apathy is not the same as depression or masked face
Fatigue: a feeling of deep tiredness that does not improve with rest
Alertness: Problems with attention and concentration (Daytime alertness)
Hallucinations/Delusions: A delusion is a false belief, like thinking you’re someone famous, while a hallucination is sensing something that isn’t there, like hearing voices or seeing things that others don’t.
Cognitive Decline: Memory and executive function issues, leading to difficulty planning and problem-solving,
Lewy Body Dementia
structures of the brain affected in PD
-Substantia nigra
-Brain stem
-Olfactory bulb
-Limbic system
-Basal ganglia
-Norepinephrine
-Frontal Lobe
-Hippocampus (shrinkage)
