parkinsons

Question 1

what it is

Answer 1

a brain disorder that causes unintended or uncontrollable movements, such as shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination

Question 2

aetiology

Answer 2

a loss of nerve cells in the part of the brain called the substantia nigra.
combination of genetics (runs in the family) and environmental factors (pesticides and herbicides used in farmingand traffic or industrial pollution).

Question 3

pathophysiology

Answer 3

Nerve cells in this part of the brain are responsible for producing a chemical called dopamine.
Dopamine acts as a messenger between the parts of the brain and nervous system that help control and co-ordinate body movements.
If these nerve cells die or become damaged, the amount of dopamine in the brain is reduced.
This means the part of the brain controlling movement cannot work as well as normal, causing movements to become slow and abnormal.

Question 4

clinical presentation

Answer 4

develop gradually
tremour (often starting in hand or arm and occurs when limb is at rest), slowness of movement (bradykinesia), muscle stiffness (rigidity) can result in painful muscle cramps (dystonia), balance problems, loss of sense of smell, nerve pain, urinary problems, excessive sweating, difficulty swallowing, depression and anxiety, mild cognitive impairment, dementia

Question 5

findings

Answer 5

neurologist will check neurological and physical examination. imaging can’t diagnose. taking parkison medication and if condition improves then a diagnosis will be given

Question 6

management

Answer 6

can’t be cured but medication can help control symptoms
Carbidopa-levodopa, Inhaled carbidopa-levodopa, Carbidopa-levodopa infusion, Dopamine agonists, MAO B inhibitors, Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors, Anticholinergics, Amantadine, Adenosine receptor antagonists (A2A receptor antagonist), Nuplazid (Pimavanserin). surgery- deep brain stimulation