bone and joint conditions Flashcards
osteoporosis
=condition causing bones to become weak and brittle
aetiology–> depends partly on how much bone mass was attained in youth. Peak bone mass is partly inherited and varies also by ethnic group. The higher the peak bone mass, the more bone someone will have
clinical presentation–> back pain caused by a fractured or collapsed vertebra, loss of height over time, stooped posture, bone breaking more easily
findings–> xrays- determine the proportion of mineral in your bones
pathophysiology–> multifactorial disease with a complex interplay of genetic, intrinsic, exogenous, and life style factors contributing to an individual’s risk of the disease. Traditional pathophysiologic models frequently emphasized endocrine mechanisms
management–> Bisphosphonates, Denosumab, Hormone-related therapy, Bone-building medications
osteomyelitis
=a bone infection
aetiology–> staphylococcus bacteria, types of germs commonly found on the skin or in the nose. can enter the bone via the bloodstream, injuries, surgery
clinical features–> fever, swelling/ warmth/ redness over infection area, pain in infection area, fatigue
findings–> bloodtest- will detect high white blood cells and may reveal the type of germ. xrays- can detect bone damage. MRI- bone and tissue damage. bone biopsy- can reveal the type of germ infecting the bone
pathophysiology–> occlude local blood vessels, which causes bone necrosis and local spread of infection. Infection may expand through the bone cortex and spread under the periosteum, with formation of subcutaneous abscesses that may drain spontaneously through the skin
management–> surgery (drain infected area, remove diseased bone and tissue, restore blood flow to bone, remove any foreign objects, amputate the limb), medications (antibiotics)
osteoarthritis
aetiology–> wear and tear due to age
clinical presentation–> most common in hands, knees, hips and spine, pain/ stiffness, tenderness, loss of flexibility, crepitus, bony spurs, swelling
findings–> xrays- narrowed joint space and bony spurs. MRI- tissue and cartilage degeneration. joint fluid analysis- fluid tested for inflamation. rules out gout
pathophysiology–> occlude local blood vessels, which causes bone necrosis and local spread of infection. Infection may expand through the bone cortex and spread under the periosteum, with formation of subcutaneous abscesses that may drain spontaneously through the skin. The release of enzymes from these cells break down collagen and proteoglycans, destroying thearticular cartilage. The exposure of the underlying subchondral bone results in sclerosis, followed by reactive remodelling changes that lead to the formation of osteophytes and subchondral bone cysts. The joint space is progressively lost over time.
management–> medication (Acetaminophen, NSAIDs, Duloxetine) physical therapy, occupational therapy, Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, cotisone injections, lubrication injections, realigning bones, joint replacement
