Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Parkinson's > Flashcards

Parkinson's Flashcards

1
Q

What can cause Parkinsonism?

A 
Idiopathic - Parkinson's disease
Vascular disease
Drugs
Viral infections
Trauma
Multiple system atrophy
Progressive supranuclear palsy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is multiple system atrophy?

A

Degeneration if nerve cells in specific areas of the brain

Causes problems with movement, balance and other autonomic functions of the body eg bladder control and blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Wilson’s disease?

A

Accumulation of copper in tissues, resulting in neurological and hepatic disease
Copper-dopamine complexes form, producing Parkinsonism symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is corticobasal degeneration and what is it characterised by?

A

A progressive, neuro degenerative disease involving the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia

Disorders in movement and cognitive function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the pathology behind Parkinson’s disease?

A

Selective and progressive destruction of the pigmented neurones in the substantia nigra, accompanied by deposition of granules of neuro-melanin pigment

Residual pigmented neurones contain Lewy bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the normal function of the pigmented neurones of the substantia nigra?

A

Release dopamine and project to the corpus striatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does loss of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra result in?

A

Reduced inhibition of the neostriatum allowing less inhibition of the globus pallidus, increasing the inhibition on the thalamus, leading to less movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Symptoms and signs of Parkinson’s?

A 
Resting tremor (pill-rolling)
Bradykinesia
Rigidity
Postural instability
Mood changes eg depression
Pain
Cognitive changes
Urinary symptoms 
Sleep disorders
Somnolence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pathway of dopamine synthesis?

A

L-tyrosine -> L-DOPA -> Dopamine (-> NA -> adrenaline)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What enzymes degrade dopamine?

A

Monoamine oxide (MAO)

Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can drugs help to diagnose Parkinson’s?

A

If patients respond well, confirms the diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What drugs can be given for Parkinson’s?

A 
L-DOPA
Dopamine receptor agonists
Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors 
COMT inhibitors 
Anticholinergics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why give L-DOPA over dopamine?

A

Can cross the blood brain barrier and then converted to dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is L-DOPA commonly administered with and why?

A

A peripheral DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor to prevent conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine in peripheral tissues

Therefore more L-DOPA will cross the BBB and not act peripherally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the names of combined L-DOPA and DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor drugs?

A

Co-carepolda

Co-beneldopa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the administration and absorption of L-DOPA?

A

Orally

Poorly absorbed as 90% is inactivates in the intestinal wall

17
Q

Half-life of L-DOPA?

A

2 hours

Get fluctuations in blood levels leading to fluctuations in symptoms

18
Q

Benefits of L-DOPA?

A

Highly efficacious and minimal side effects

19
Q

ADRs of L-DOPA?

A

Nausea and vomiting
Hypotension
Psychosis
Tachycardia

20
Q

What can happen with long-term use of L-DOPA?

A

Loss of efficacy due to loss of dopaminergic neurones

Involuntary movements

Motor complications such as

  • on/off wearing off
  • dyskinesia
  • dystonia
  • freezing
21
Q

Mechanism of action of dopamine receptor agonists?

A

Bind directly to dopamine receptors

22
Q

Advantages of dopamine receptor angonists in Parkinson’s?

A

Direct acting
Less motor complications
Possible neuro-protective role

23
Q

Disadvantages of dopamine receptor agonists?

A

Less efficacy than L-DOPA

Tendency to produce impulse control disorders

Expensive

Psychiatric side effects

24
Q

ADRs of dopamine receptor agonists?

A 
Sedation
Hallucination
Confusion
Nausea
Vomiting
25
Q

Mechanism of action of monoamine oxidase B inhibitors?

A

Stop MAO from breaking down dopamine, enhancing dopamine levels

Can be used alongside L-DOPA

26
Q

Mechanism of action of COMT inhibitors?

A

Reduce peripheral breakdown of L-DOPA but no therapeutic effect alone

Can be used to produce an L-DOPA sparing effect and prolong the response to L-DOPA

27
Q

Mechanism of action anticholinergics?

A

Acetylcholine is thought to have an antagonistic effect to dopamine

28
Q

Effects of anticholinergics with symptoms in Parkinson’s?

A

Good for the tremor

No effect on bradykinesia

29
Q

ADRs of anticholinergics for Parkinson’s?

A

Confusion
Drowsiness

Anti-cholinergic side effects eg dry mouth, urinary retention

30
Q

What is the triad of symptoms seen in Parkinson’s?

A

Resting tremor
Rigidity
Bradykinesia

Pharmacology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions