Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Gonadal Steroids > Flashcards

Gonadal Steroids Flashcards

1
Q

What are the sex steroids derived from?

A

Cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the actions of oestrogens in general?

A 
Anabolic
Sodium and water retention
Raised HDL, lowered LDL
Deceased bone resorption 
Impaired glucose tolerance
Increased blood coagulability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Adverse effects of oestrogens?

A 
Breast tenderness
Nausea and vomiting
Water retention
Increased coagulability - thromboembolism 
Impaired glucose tolerance
Endometrial hyperplasia and cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Actions of progesterone?

A 
Secretory endometrium
Anabolic
Increased bone mineral density
Fluid retention
Mood changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Adverse effects of progesterone?

A 
Weight gain
Fluid retention
Anabolic
Acne
Nausea and vomiting 
Irritability
Depression and PMS
Lack of concentration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Actions and side effects of testosterone?

A 
Make secondary sexual characteristics
Anabolic
Acne
Voice changes
Aggression
Metabolic adverse effects on lipids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the uses of testosterone?

A

Hormone replacement therapy in men due to decreasing testosterone production with age

Testosterone deficiency - congenital or acquired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Causes of testosterone deficiency?

A

Testicular dysfunction

Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction (secondary hypogonadism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How can testosterone be administered?

A

Implants
IM (enenthate, propionate)
Orally (undecanoate, mesterolone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How are sex steroids transported?

A

Bound to SHBG (except progesterone)

Albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the metabolism of progesterone?

A

Almost totally metabolised in one passage through the liver

Metabolites excreted in urine as glucuronides and sulphates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the types of COCP?

A

Monophasic - constant dose of oestrogen and progesterone for 21 days
Triphasic - doses altered throughout the cycle
Everyday pill - 7 days are a placebo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does the COCP work?

A

Suppresses ovulation by inhibiting FSH and LH

Adverse effect on cervical mucus and endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which drugs can reduce the efficacy of the COCP?

A

Enzyme-inducing drugs such as

  • carbamazepine
  • rifampicin
  • St John’s Wort
  • phenytoin

Broad spectrum antibiotics - due to effects on intestinal flora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do broad spectrum antibiotics reduce the efficacy of the COCP?

A

Affect the intestinal flora which play a role in enterohepatic recycling
As they decrease, so does the amount of drug re-entering the systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Adverse effects of the COCP?

A 
Venous thromboembolism
MI
Hypertension
Decreased glucose tolerance
Increased risk of stroke in women with focal migraine
Headaches
Mood swings
Cholestatic jaundice 
Gall stones 
Precipitate polyphyria
17
Q

What are the different types of progesterones?

A 
Levonorgestrel
Norethisterone
Etynodiol
Diacetate
Desogestrel
18
Q

What type of progesterone is given in the injection?

A

Medroxy progesterone

19
Q

What type of progesterone is given in the implant?

A

Etonogestrel

20
Q

How does progesterone act as a contraception?

A

Negative effect on cervical mucus and endometrium

21
Q

Problem with progesterone contraception?

A

Poor control of menstrual cycle because ovulation can still occur

22
Q

What are the two types of emergency contraception and when can they be taken?

A 
Levonorgestrel (levonelle) - up to 72 hours
Ullipristal acetate (ellaOne) - up to 120 hours
23
Q

How does levonorgestrel prevent pregnancy?

A

Inhibits ovulation

24
Q

How does ullipristal acetate prevent pregnancy?

A

Progesterone receptor modulator

25
Q

How does the copper IUD prevent pregnancy?

A

Toxic to sperm

26
Q

How do oestrogen and progesterone affect the amount of GnRH secreted?

A

Oestrogen reduces the amount secreted per pulse

Progesterone reduces the frequency of pulses

27
Q

Why is HRT given?

A

Relieve menopausal-related symptoms such as hot flushes
Can reduce osteoporosis
Reduced risk of heart disease

28
Q

Which hormones are given in HRT and why?

A

Oestrogen - this is the one that needs to be replaced

Progesterone - to protect against risk of endometrial carcinoma

29
Q

What is a disadvantage of sequential combined HRT?

A

Causes periods every month

30
Q

Risks of HRT?

A 
Endometrial and ovarian cancer with unopposed oestrogen
Breast cancer
IHD and stroke 
Venous thromboembolism
Uterine bleeding 
Adverse effect on lipid profile 
Adverse effect on thrombophilia profile
31
Q

Modes of administration of HRT?

A 
Oral
Transdermal
Implant
Transvaginal
Nasal
32
Q

What are anti-oestrogens?

A

Weak oestrogens that block receptors

33
Q

Why is clomiphene (an anti-oestrogen) given?

A

Stops oestrogen from binding to the anterior pituitary, inhibiting negative feedback, resulting in increased GnRH, FSH and LH release - treats anovulation

34
Q

Why is tamoxifen given?

A

Oestrogen receptor antagonist to treat breast cancer

Induces ovulation

35
Q

What are anti-progesterones (mifepristone) used for?

A

Medical termination of pregnancy

Induce labour

36
Q

How does mifepristone work?

A

It is a partial agonist of progesterone receptors so inhibits progesterone action
Sensitises the uterus to prostaglandins

37
Q

What are anti-androgens (eg cyproterone) used for?

A

It is a progesterone derivative - used in COCP
Has a weak progesterones effect by being a partial against to progesterone receptors and competes with dihydrotestosterone

Prostate cancer
Hirsutism
Acne

38
Q

What are selective oestrogen receptor modulators used for (eg Raloxifene)

A

Reduce risk of invasive breast cancer in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis
No proliferative effects on endometrium or breast
Protects against osteoporosis

39
Q

Downside of Raloxifene?

A

Can increase hot flushes

Pharmacology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions