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Neurologija RSU egzas > Paresis (1,2,3) > Flashcards

Paresis (1,2,3) Flashcards

1
Q

Voluntary motor control consisted of (2)

A

UMN and LMN

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2
Q

Involuntary motor control consisted of (2)

A

Extrapyramidal system and cerebellum

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3
Q

UMN 2 structures.

A

Corticospinal tract = pyramidal tract

Corticonuclear tract = corticobulbar tract

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4
Q

Start-end of corticospinal tract.

A

Motor cortex (precentral gyrus) –> anterior horn of spinal cord

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5
Q

Start-end of corticonuclear tract.

A

Motor cortex –> motor cranial nerve nuclei

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6
Q

Where happens decussation of the pyramids?

A

Lower end of medulla. Cross 50-80proc of pyramidal fibers

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7
Q

UMN eiga.

A

Motor cortex (precentral gyrus) –> internal capsule –> pyramidal decussation –> lateral corticospinal tract –> anterior horn. Then goes to skeletal muscle.

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8
Q

Corticonuclear tract eiga.

A

Motor cortex –> internal capsule –> terminated in brain stem in cranial motor nuclei

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9
Q

LMN 3 structures

A

Anterior horn cells
Anterior roots
Peripheral nerve and motor end palate

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10
Q

LMN skeletal muscle eiga.

A

Motoneurons of anterior horns of spinal cord –> anterior spinal root –> spinal nerve –> peripheral nerve –> NMJ in sceletal muscle

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11
Q

LMN cranial eiga.

A

Motor nuclei of cranial nerves in the brainstem –> cranial motor nerves –> NMJ in cranial muscle

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12
Q

Central palsy. What part of face affected, where nerve damage?

A

Called supranuclear lesion.

Lower quadrant of face in the opposite side of lesion in the brain.

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13
Q

Peripheral palsy. What part of face affected, where nerve damage?

A

It’s facial nerve lesion.

Affected half of face on the same side as lesion in peripheral nerve.

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14
Q

Why differs central and peripheral face palsy presentation?

A

Nerve, that inervates lower face starts in opposite side in the brain.
Nerve, that innervates upper part (forehead) starts in one side, but divides into both nuclei in brain stem. Thus lower part is always affected. But if damage is in the brain, eg left, due to crossing of fibers of forehead innervation, this part gets innervation from right side of brains which is not affected.

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15
Q

C1-C4 innervation?

A

Neck muscles

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16
Q

C4 innervation?

A

Diaphragm

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17
Q

C5-Th1 innervation?

A

Hand muscles

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18
Q

Th2-T11 innervation?

A

Thoracic and abdominal muscles

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19
Q

Th12-S2 innervation?

A

Leg muscles

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20
Q

S3 - Co innervation?

A

Pelvic sphincter

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21
Q

Neck muscles

A

C1-C4

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22
Q

Diaphragm

A

C4

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23
Q

Hand muscles

A

C5-Th1

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24
Q

Thoracic and abdominal muscles

A

Th2-Th11

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25
Q

Leg muscles

A

Th12-S2

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26
Q

Pelvic sphincter

A

S3-Co

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27
Q

What is paralysis?

A

Complete muscle weakness (UMN or LMN damage)

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28
Q

What is paresis?

A

Partial muscle weekness (UMN or LMN damage)

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29
Q

Central paresis vs Peripheral paresis. What part damaged, what type of paresis?

A

Central - UMN, spastic paresis

Peripheral - LMN, flaccid paresis.

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30
Q

If there is damage in brain of UMN, where will be paresis?

A

Opposite side of the body.

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31
Q

If there is damage in spinal cord of UMN, where will be paresis?

A

Same side of the body.

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32
Q

If there is damage of LMN, where will be paresis?

A

Always at the same side of the body

33
Q

Power in spastic paresis is …?

A

Decreased

34
Q

Power in flaccid paresis is …?

A

Decreased

35
Q

Inspection of muscles in spastic paresis is …….

A

Normal. ie diffuse atrophy

36
Q

Inspection of muscles in flaccid paresis is …….

A

Atrophy fasciculations

37
Q

Tone in spastic paresis is ….

A

Increased

38
Q

Tone is flaccid paresis is ….

A

decreased or normal

39
Q

Tendon reflexes in spastic paresis are …….

A

Increased

40
Q

Tendon reflexes in flaccid paresis are …….

A

Decreased or absent

41
Q

Do pathological reflexes present in spastic paresis?

A

Yes

42
Q

Do pathological reflexes present in flaccid paresis?

A

No

43
Q

Do sinkinetic movements present in spastic paresis?

A

Yes

44
Q

Do sinkinetic movements present in flaccid paresis?

A

No

45
Q

Causes of UMN damage in brain? 5

A

Stroke, encephalitis, trauma, tumor, abscess

46
Q

Causes of UMN damage in spinal cord? 4

A

Trauma, myelitis, tumor, spinal stroke

47
Q

Causes of LMN damage in anterior horn? 3

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal stroke, intramedullary tumor

48
Q

Causes of LMN damage in nerve root, spinal nerves? 3

A

Due to degenerative spine, disc herniation, tumor.

49
Q

Causes of LMN damage in peripheral nerves? 3 and 3

A

Compression or entrapment (such as carpal tunnel syndrome), neuropathies, traumas
Polyneuropathies, multifocal mononeuropathies, Guillain-Barré syndrome

50
Q

Due to degenerative spine, disc herniation, tumor. Where cause damage?

A

Nerve roots, spinal nerves

51
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal stroke, intramedullary tumor. Where cause damage?

A

LMN anterior horns

52
Q

Compression or entrapment (such as carpal tunnel syndrome), neuropathies, traumas
Polyneuropathies, multifocal mononeuropathies, Guillain-Barré syndrome. Where cause damage?

A

Causes of LMN damage in peripheral nerves? 3 and 3

53
Q

Types of paresis/paralysis 6

A

Monoparesis, Hemiparesis, Alternating paresis, Tetraparesis, Paraparesis, Segmental paresis

54
Q

What is monoparesis?

A

Paresis in one extremity.

55
Q

Paresis in one extremity?

A

Monoparesis

56
Q

Where is the damage in monoparesis?

A

Frontal lobe damage

57
Q

What is hemiparesis?

A

Unilateral paresis, weaknes of one entire side of the body.

58
Q

What is hemiplegia?

A

Complete paralysis of half of the body.

59
Q

Where is the lesion in hemiparesis?

A

Corticospinal tract in brain or brainstem.

60
Q

What are the causes of hemiparesis?

A

Stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, encephalitis, abscess, tumor, trauma

61
Q

What is alternating paresis?

A

Combination of central and peripheral paresis.
Central - paresis on the opposite side of body
Peripheral - paresis of facial muscles or tongue on the side of the lesion

62
Q

Where is the lesion in alternating paresis?

A

Brain stem

63
Q

What is tetraparesis? How it’s divided?

A

Affected both arms and legs. Central and peripheral.

64
Q

Central tetraparesis causes in the brain? 6

A

Stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, encephalitis, abscess, tumor, trauma

65
Q

Central tetraparesis causes in spinal cord? 5

A

Trauma, tumor, myelitis, myelopathy, spinal stroke

66
Q

Where is damage in case of central tetraparesis?

A

Bilateral damage, damage in the brainstem, or upper cervical spinal cord

67
Q

What is the cause of peripheral tetraparesis?

A

Polyradiculoneuritis

68
Q

What is paraparesis?

A

Paresis of both arms or legs.

69
Q

What are the causes of upper paresis?

A

Segmental damage in lower parts of cervical spinal cord

70
Q

Segmental damage in lower parts of cervical spinal cord. Dignosis?

A

Upper paraparesis

71
Q

Polyradiculoneuritis causes …..

A

Peripheral tetraparesis

72
Q

Where can be damage in case of lower paraparesis? 2

A

Central and peripheral

73
Q

What are causes of central lower paraparesis?

A

Frontal bilateral damage, cervical or thoracic spinal cord

74
Q

What are causes of peripheral lower paraparesis?

A

Segmental spinal cord damage at Th12-S2 level, cauda equina damage, polyradiculoneuritis

75
Q

What is segmental paresis?

A

peripheral paresis at corresponding segmental level

76
Q

Where is the lesion in peripheral segmental paresis?

A

Anterior horn motor cells.

77
Q

Anterior horn motor cells damage. particular segment. What paresis?

A

Segmental paresis

78
Q

What are the causes of segmental paresis?3

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, syringomyelia, intramedullary tumor

Neurologija RSU egzas (2 decks)

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