Parenting - Child Outcome Flashcards
What are the dimensions of parenting?
Expressed affection Involvement Conflict Control Monitoring Teaching Security
What did Diana Baumrind assess?
Four dimensions of parenting: control nurturance clarity of communication maturity demands
These yield 4 distinct parenting styles
What is authoritative parenting?
High responsiveness and high demandingness - high levels of warmth and achievement but firm, punitive control, open communication
Children most competent, self reliant, socially responsible, keen to achieve, cooperative
What is permissive parenting?
High responsiveness, love and affection and low demandingness, limited control, few demands
Children are aimless, immature, lack impulse control and lack responsibility and independence
What is authoritarian parenting?
Low responsiveness and nurturance (don’t praise children) and high demandingness and control (expect orders to be obeyed)
Children show low levels of independence and social responsibility
What is neglectful parenting?
Low responsiveness and low demandingness - parents neither, rejecting
Most harmful to children, resulting in low levels of cognitive and social competence
What did Steinberg et al come up with?
Dimensional approaches - get a score on a dimension
Longitudinal study of adolescents, ratings of their parents (self-report) and its relation with educational outcomes
authoritative - extreme end of involvement and strictness
authoritarian - low involvement but high strict
permissive - high involvement, low strictness
neglectful - low involvement and strict
What are the problems with categories?
Mean if someone is on one end, and then someone is a little different to them it means they are completely different - not meaningful difference, capture more by having a dimensional score
Is authoritarian always bad?
It is less optimal outcomes for white Americans
but good outcomes with African Americans
What did Pettit, bates and dodge look at and measure?
Supportive parenting - focus on the positive side of parenting
Longitudinal study of families with children aged 5, followed to age 12 - home measures in depth, 1 hour home visits including interviews with mothers, observations, interactions
Teachers provided the outcome data
Measures:
Parenting - harsh parenting and SP (warmth, involvement)
Family adversity - family life stress, challenging events, SES, single parenthood
Child outcome - teacher ratings of externalising problems, social skills academic performance
What did Pettit, bates and dodge find?
Strength of correlations between parenting and child adjustment are modest
Better predictions from family adversity and child adjustment - moderate
SES correlated most highly with children externalising problems
Different aspects of childrens lives are important
What are the cultural differences?
Aspects of authoritarian parenting (i.e., unilaternal decision making) linked with academic success for African American teenagers
Parental warmth is negatively correlated with directiveness for European American parents (if warm, not direct) but positively correlated for parents in China (if warm, more direct)
Warmth - hand in hand with telling your child what they should be dong in China
What does good parenting predict?
Better outcomes for children - the effect is modest and variable by culture
When the link between parenting and children’s outcomes exists, is it causal?
Pitfall of correlational research - not experimental
What are parenting interventions based on?
Evidence-based practise
Attachment theory
Mindfullness
Behaviourism and social learning theory (main ones)
What are the three main types of interventions for internalising and externalising problems?
Behavioural therapies (BT) CBT Systematic or ecological interventions
What is behavioural therapy?
Addresses problematic behaviour - pay attention to child and then reward them or punish them
All behaviour is learned, so can be changed by altering some aspect of the context in which it occurs e.g. - parenitng
Positive and negative reinforcement can bring change - continuous schedule of reinforcement
- partial schedule of reinforcement - bad
shaping, generalisation, maintenance
What is CBT?
Addresses problematic behaviour and thoughts and feelings Cognitions to improve: understand the why of behaviour understand what might help the child what and when (ignoring vs attending)
What are systematic interventions?
Addresses multiple factors contributing to problem behaviour - includes some BT and CBT
this is because parents don’t operate in isolation - marital relationships etc need helping
What are the core components of parenting interventions?
Play
Praise
Planned ignoring
Consequences
What is included in intervention delivery?
Didactic instruction Modelling - in person through role play, video Role playing (parents) Behavioural rehearsal (not letting them have breakfast till fully dressed) Homework (practise)
What are the NICE recommendations?
National institute for health and care excellence
Evidence-based guidance/recommendations for public health
Parent training programmes for disruptive behaviour:
both parents
group based
10-12 parents in a group
based on a social learning model - modelling, rehearsal and feedback
10-16 meetings of 90-120 minutes
What is the Carolyn webster-stratton?
Group format
For parents of children age 2-10
Parents view videotape vignettes
Stimulus for discussion and problem solving
Focuses first on parent-child interactive play skills then effective discipline
Parents also taught how to teach children problem solving
What is the Matt Sanders?
Different levels of interventions - as it gets more challenged, interventions are more intense
