Parenteral General Info

Question 1

considerations for parenteral drug deliver

Answer 1

safety, sterility, stability, solubility

Question 2

reasons for parenterals use

Answer 2

• direct access to vascular system
• predictable drug levels
• alternative to GI route
• direct delivery to peritoneal cavity

Question 3

limitations of parenterals

Answer 3

• need for sterile conditions and equipment
• transmission of disease (from needles)
• real/psychological pain assoc w/ needles
• high cost
• iatrogenic problems

Question 4

iatrogenic problems

Answer 4

thrombus, embolus, extravasation, infection, pyrogenic rxns, phlebitis, tissue granulomas

Question 5

Solvents for injection

aqueous vehicles

Answer 5

• water for injection (WFI)
• sterile water (hypotonic)
• bacteriostatic water (contains antimicrobial agents/preservatives)
• sodium chloride (isotonic)
• bacteriostatic sodium chloride (isotonic)

Question 6

Nonaqueous/Miscible vehicles

Answer 6

-cosolvents (glycerin, ethanol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol)

Question 7

Nonaqueous/Immiscible vehicles

Answer 7

-fixed oils (ex. ethyl oleate)

Question 8

components of parenterals

Answer 8

• aqueous vehicles
• nonaqueous vehicles (cosolvents)
• solutes
• containers