parental routes of administrations

Question 1

definition of parental products

Answer 1

administrated into the body in a manner other than through the digestive system as by intravenous and intramuscular injection

Question 2

what tea the advantages of administrating though an injection

Answer 2

provides a localised effect for example steroids
provides a rapid clinical effect for example if administration
produces. delayed/ prolonged effect
useful when oral route is not practical
if the medication degrades in gi i tract it is a good alternative

Question 3

what are the types of injections

Answer 3

o Intramuscular
o Subcutaneous
o Intravenous
o Intradermal

Question 4

advantages and disadvantages of if

Answer 4

o 100% bioavailability compared with other routes of administration
o Fastest and most certain parenteral route of administration
o Rate of administration can be controlled
o Allows a range of volumes to be used
o Suitable route for medicines that degrade orally

o Any side effects will occur rapidly
o Some medicines must be administered very slowly with constant monitoring of patient response
o Aseptic technique is essential
o Increased risk of infections/complications

Question 5

intra venous

• degrees
• advantages/ disadvantages
• volume

Answer 5

• 25 degrees

adavantages
- 100% bioavailability
- faststest on set administration
- controlled administration

disadvantage
- side effects are rapid
- constant monitoring
- aspartic techniques
- increased risk of infection

volume
disaffected volumes can be used

Question 6

intramuscular

• degrees
• volume
• adavantages/ disadvantages
• rate of drug absorption

Answer 6

• 90 degrees
• 1.5- 5ML

adavantages
- rapid absorption
- affects within 15- 30 mins
- used for controlled drug release

disadvantages
- painful
- expensive
- hard to retrieve
- hard to self administer

rate of drug absorption depends on
- vascularity of muscle site
- drug lipid solubility
- vechiclw
- injecting technique

Question 7

subconenous (sc)

• degrees
• volume
• advantages disadvantage
• rate of drug absorption
• site of injection
• examples

Answer 7

• loose connective fatty tissue
• 45 degrees
• up to 1ml

disadvantages
- only for non irritating drugs
- slower onset action compared to i’m nd i’v

rate of drug absorption
- same as IM

examples
- INSULIN
- LMWH
- ZOLADEX

Question 8

intradermal

• degrees
• ## volume

Answer 8

• 10 -15 degrees
• up to 0.2 ml

can be used for immunological tests
absorption - slow

Question 9

what is displacement values

Answer 9

• Displacement value is the volume that must be accounted for when reconstituting a powder.

Question 10

what is isontonic solution

Answer 10

• Isotonic solutions have the same osmotic pressure as body fluids and are preferred for ophthalmic, nasal, and parenteral solutions.

Question 11

what is hypotonic solution

Answer 11

• Hypotonic solutions have lower osmotic pressure and can cause swelling and bursting of red blood cells.

Question 12

what is hypertonic solution

Answer 12

• Hypertonic solutions have higher osmotic pressure and can cause shrinkage of red blood cells.

Question 13

what is freezing point depression

Answer 13

• Freezing point depression is a method used to calculate isotonicity.
• It describes the phenomenon where the freezing point of a liquid is lowered when another compound is added, resulting in a solution with a lower freezing point than the pure solvent.