Parcial 1 Flashcards
Is a physiological process associated with growth in which the tooth move from its original position eithe
Is takes place inside the bone and there is only a lateral displacement from the point of origin of the dental lámina towards the covering gum
Pre-eruptive phase
_____has connective tissue and remains of the dental lámina that cross the bone during the eruption of the tooth
The gubernacular core
Manu osteoclasts appear in the __________ that will enlarge this canal for the passage
Gubernacular cord
It begins when 50%/75% of the tooth root is formed. There is an intense vertical displacement which allows the tooth to move towards the mucosa
Pre-functional phase
It begins at the tooth makes contact with the antagonist and begins to perform the chewing function. The duration of this phase is the entire life of the tooth, since the chewing functionally produces abrasión on the occlusal surface and contact points between the teeth.
Functional phase
It is the absence of one or more dental organs and is a common development anomaly in both dentitions, it is the result of a disorder of the dental lámina which prevents the formation of the tooth germ. The absence is often bilateral
Agenesis
It is a alteration in the eruptive trajectory of de dental organ leading to its impaction against the adjacent tooth. Ectopic teeth are found in unusual postions or displaced from their normal anatomical location. The presence of an ectopic tooth can lead to malocclusion
Ectopic eruption
It is the change in the position of two adjacent teeth in relation to their roots in the same quadrant of the dental arch which can lead and inverted eruption position and alter the normal sequence of eruption. They are generally unilateral, more frequent in the upper arch
Transposition
Despite of having been fully formed they have not emerged in the mouth during the usual period, and they can remain partially or completely inside the jaw bone
Impacted teeth
Formation abnormalities may be due to systemic alterations that begins in childhood or early adolescence
Systemic factors
Tooth abnormalities caused by systemic disease include
Alterations in the number of teeth, structural defects of enamel, dentin and cementum and in some cases variations in tooth size
The appearance of skeletal development disorders due to hereditary factors in some cases manifests at birth and in others they develop during childhood or adolescence
Genetic factors
Dental anomalies can also occur due to a local cause for example: specific blow, such as trauma during tooth development or it may be of idiopathic etiology
Environmental factors
Any alteration in the bone growth of the maxilla or mandible and in the dental positions that impede the correct function of the chewing system with the subsequent consequence that this dysfunction has on the teeth themselves the gums and the bones that support them the temporomandibular joint and facial aesthetics
Maloclussion
Father of orthodontic
Edward H. Angle
Maloclussion etiology
General factors and local factor
Molar classification
Class 1: mesio buccal cuspide of the first permanent upper molar occludes with the bucal grove of the first permanent lower molar
Class 2: mesio buccal cúspide of the 1st permanent upper molar occludes in front of the buccal groove of the first permanent lower molar
Class 3: mesio buccal cuspide of the 1st permanent upper molar occludes behind of the buccal groove of the first permanent lower molar
Are occupied by the dental papilla
Embrasure
Canine classification
Class 1: the cusp of the upper canine occludes between the embrasure of the lower canine and the lower first premolar
Class 2: the cusp of the upper canine occludes in front of the embrasure of the lower canine and the lower first premolar
Class 3: the cusp of the upper canine occludes behind the embrasure of the lower canine and the lower first premolar
Is the absence of formation of three or more dental organs
Hypodontia
Teeth that appearance in addition of the regular number of teeth
Supernumerary teeth
It’s cabaracterized by having more teeth than the regular number of teeth
Hyperdontia
Supernumerary between two upper incisors
Mesiodens
Is applied to teeth that are smaller than the limits of variation considered normal
Microdontia
True generalized microdontia
En todos los dientes
Relative generalized microdontia
3 a 5 dientes
Localized microdontia
1 a 2 dientes
Is applied to the teeth that are bigger than the limits of variation considered normal
Macrodontia
True generalized macrodontia
Gigantism, pituitary, hemifacial hypertrophy
Relative generalized macrodontia
Size of the teeth bigger than the jaw
Localized microdontia
Un diente
Is the union of two developing teeth into a single structure with two independent pulp canals
Fusion
From a single enamel organ two teeth form or attempt to form and normally there is only one pulp canal.
Germination
It’s an excessive root angulation and may be the result of a trauma in the deciduous dentition
Dilaceration
Also called invaginated tooth. This development anomaly is a lingual invagination of the enamel and can occur in primary and permanent teeth
Dens in dent
Is defined as the union/fusion between a tooth and the alveolar bone
Ankylosis
It’s a hereditary disorder of enamel formation affecting primary and permanent dentitions
Imperfect amelogenesis
Thera are 3 types of aimperfect melogenesis
- Hypoplasic
- Hypoclasified
- Hypomaduration
The enamel does not have normal thickness in certain areas or in its enteriery
Hypoplasia
The enamel has a normal thickness but is fragile and can be easily removed
Hypocalcified
The thickness of the enamel is normal but it doesn’t have a normal hardened and transparency and opaque spots appear on the incisal edges of the teeth
Hypomaturation
Its is an inherited disorder characterized by abnormal dentin formation and abnormal pulp morphology
Dentin dysplasia
Dentin dysplasia is divided in two
Type 1 root dentin dysplasia
Type 2 coronal dentin dysplasia
Teeth are affected in both dentitions. The teeth have a normal color and in some cases may present a bluish or brown transparency in the cervical region. The roots of the teeth are short, blunt, bulging, conical, or absent
Type 1 root dentin dysplasia
Both the primary and permanent dentition are affected in this type of dysplasia, however the appearance of the temporary teeth is different from the permanent teeth. Primary teeth clinically show a bluish gray, brown or yellowish color and have a translucent or opalescent appareance, the permanent teeth appear clinically normal and the roots in both dentitions are normal
Type 2 coronal dentin dysplasia
Is that specific area of dental practice that has as its responsability th study and supervision of the growth and the development of the dentition and its related anatomical structures from birth to dental maturity, including all preventive and corrective procedures of dental irregularities requiring the repositioning of teeth by functional or mechanical means to establish normal occlusion and pleasing facial contours
Orthodontics
Orthodontics classification
Preventive orthodontics
Interceptive orthodontics
Corrective orthodontic
The objective is to act before the appearance of malocclusions when the diagnosis indicates that they are going to occur and will alter the normal development of the dental and maxillary/ mandible organs. It is usually applied at young ages to avoid possible malocclusion
Preventive orthodontics
Preventive Orthodontics trade
Caries control care of deciduos dentition
Eruption monitoring and space maintainer.
Early recognition of oral habits
Removal of supernumerary and retained decidious teeth
Space maintainers in preventive orthodontic
Nance bottom (maxillary )
Lingual arch (mandible)
Band an loop
Preventive orthodontics edad
3-6 years
Interceptive orthodontics edad
7-11 years
Corrective orthodontic edad
12 to adults
The aimed is to correct bad dental positions or habits that are occurring but they still be treated to change their evolution. It is used where a bad position or habit have already been established but they can still be corrected. It serves to prevent the growth of the craniofacial complex from developing abnormally and its applications have to do with both the teeth and the entire maxillary/ mandibular complex
Interceptive orthodontics
Bad oral habits mention
- thumb sucking
- mouth breather
- onychophagy
- tongue thrusting
- lip bitting
Interceptive orthoodntic trade
Serial extraction
Correction of developing crossbite
Control of oral habits
Removámoos of supernumerary and ankyloses teeth
It is applied when the malocclusion has already been establish and has altered the normal course of the dentofacial complex. Fixed appliances (braces) are used to restore functional and aesthetic anatomical normality
Corrective orthodontics
Types of orthodontic appliances
Ceramic/ sapphire
Lingual
Invisalign
Metalic
Self- ligating
Skeletal classification
Class 1 straight
Class 2 convex
Class 3 concave
The most common space loss occurs within __ consecutive months after the loss of a primary tooth
6
Teeth have a strong tendency to move mesially even before they erupt into the mouth, this phenomenon has been called the
Mesial thrust tendency
The provision of an appliance which is concerned only with the control of space loss, considering measures to supervise the dentition development
Space maintenance
Appliances used to maintain space or regain the mayor amount of space so that they can guide the eruption of the permanent teeth into a proper position
Space maintainers
Space maintainers functions
- maintain arch lenght and perimeter
- prevent space loss
- prevent development of malocclusions o reduce its severity
Ideal characteristics of the space maintainers
Simple
Strong and stable
Passive
Do not increase the risk of Carie’s development
Types of space maintainers: unilateral
Band and loop
Space maintainers: bilateral
Lower lingual arch
Trans palatal arch
Nance bottom
Removable acrylic appliance
For permanent teeths, in the lower arch, bilateral
Lower lingual arch
It’s design is of bilateral bands on molars that are connected by a heavy wire that rests on the cingulum of the anterior incisors
Lower lingual arch
It’s design is made of bilateral bands on the first molars that are connected by a heavy wire, and the arch wire is directed towards the palatal surface and is embedded in a acrylic bottom resting on the soft tissue
Nance appliance
It’s design is made of bilateral on the first molars that are connected by a heavy wire that transverse the hard palate without touching soft tissue. Although it is easier to clean than the nance appliance but it is not as stable especially when bilateral second primary molar are missing
Transpalatal arch
There has been a loss of more than one tooth in a quadrant and the permanent molars haven’t erupted yet
Removable acrylic appliance
The extraction of deciduous teeth to achieve greater aligment of the permanent dentition
Pierre fauchard
It’s a timed planned sequential extraction of certain deciduos teeth followed by the removal of specific permanent teeth in order to guide the eruption permanent teeth into a favorable position
Serial extraction
When there is an excess of tooth material, compared to the arch lenght, specific extraction of some teeth has to be done so that the rest of teeth can be guide to a normal occlusion
Arch lenght/ tooth size discrepancy
Human dentition shows a physiologic tendency to move towards an extraction space. But if we choose to remove some specific teeth, the rest of them which are in the eruption process, will be guide by the natural forces into extraction spaces
Physical tooth movement
Serial extraction indications
Premature loss of primary teeth
Class 1 maloclussion
Crowded maxillary and mandibular incisors
Arch lenght deficiency and tooth size discrepancy
Serial extraction contraindications
Severe class II or class III maloclussion
Cleft palate cases
Extensive caries of first permanent molar
Serial extraction methods
Dewel method
Tweed method
Nance method
Extraction of deciduous canines, followed by deciduous first molars an finally first premolars
Dewel method
Extraction of deciduous first molar, followed by first premolars and then deciduos canines
Nance method
Extraction of deciduous first molar, followed by the first premolars then the decidious canines and laterals
Tweed method
Is a routine behavior that is repeated regularly and tends to occur unconsciously
Habit
Is the amount of force that is applied to the teeth while the habit is performed
Intensity
Means the age at which the child get the habit, and the time spent by the child to do the habit per day (hours/day)
Duration
Means how many times the patient do the habit per day
Frequency
Is the placement of the thumb or more fingers in the oral cavity with repeated and forceful sucking movements associated with strong buccal and lip contraction
Thumb sucking
Treatment of thumb sucking
Non appliance reminder
Removable palatal crib
Fixed palatal crib
Abnormal tongue function and posture that cause many maloclussion. The effect and management at early stages may be helpful to prevent future severe skeletal malocclusions
