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Parcial 1 Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics
of distributed systems

A
  • concurrency of components,
  • lack of global clock and
  • independent failures of components.
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2
Q

examples of distributed systems

A
  • The internet
  • An intranet, which is a portion of the internet managed by
    an organization;
  • Mobile and ubiquitous computing
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3
Q

The capacity of the system to handle shared
resources can be increased by adding more resources (for
example computers) to the network

A

Concurrency

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4
Q

When programs need to cooperate, they
coordinate their actions by exchanging messages. Close
coordination often depends on shared idea of the time at
which the programs actions occur

A

No global clock

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5
Q

All computer systems can fail, and it
is the responsibility of system designers to plan for the
consequences of it. DS fails to, faults in the network result
in the isolation of computers, and this must be anticipated

A

Independent failures

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6
Q

intranet

A

is a portion of the Internet that is
separately administered and has a boundary that
can be configured to enforce local security polices

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7
Q

The role of a firewall

A

to protect an intranet by
preventing unauthorized messages leaving or
entering.

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8
Q

Cloud Computing

A

is used to capture this vision
of computing as a utility.

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9
Q

define cloud

A

set of Internet-based application,
storage and computing services sufficient to support
most users’ needs, thus enabling them to largely or
totally dispense with local data storage and application
software

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10
Q

small and portable computing devices into distributed
systems

A
  • Laptop computers
  • Handled devices, including personal digital assistants, mobile ,phones, pagers, video cameras and digital cameras, ARM devices.
  • Wearable devices, such as smart watches with functionality.
    -Devices embedded in appliances such as washing machines, hi-fi
    systems, cars and refrigerators (IoT)
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11
Q

is the performance of
computing tasks while the user is on the move or
visiting places other than their usual environment.

A

Mobile computing

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12
Q

the harnessing of many small, cheap computacional
devices that are present in user physical
environments, including the home, office and
elsewhere.

A

Ubiquitous computing

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13
Q

The Web is based on three main standard technological
components

A
  • The HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
  • Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)
  • A client-server system architecture, with standard rules for interaction
    (e.g. HTTP)
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14
Q

is a language for specifying
the contents and layout of pages as they are displayed by web
browsers

A

The HyperText Markup Language (HTML)

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15
Q

h identify documents and
other resources as part of the Web

A

Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)

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16
Q

by which browsers and other clients fetch documents and
other resources from from web servers.

A

A client-server system architecture, with standard rules for interaction
(e.g. HTTP)

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17
Q

challenges in distributed systems

A

-Heterogeneity
-Openness
-Security
-Scalability
-Concurrency

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18
Q

in networks, computer
hardware, operating systems, programming languages and
implementations by different developers.

A

Heterogeneity

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19
Q

has three components:
confidentiality, integrity and availability.

A

Security for information resources

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19
Q

characteristic that determines whether the system
can be extended and re-implemented in various ways.

A

Openness

19
Q

a systems is described as scalable if will remain affective
when there is a significant increase in the number of resources ans
the number of user

A

Scalability

20
Q

both services and applications provide resources that
can be shared by clients in a distributed systems. There is therefore a
possibility that several clients will attempt to access a shared resource
at the same time

A

Concurrency

21
Q

the concealment from the user
and the application programmer of the separation of
components in a distributed system, so that the system is
perceived rather than as a collection of independent
component

A

Transparency

22
Q

referred originally to
the structuring of software as layers or modules in a
single computer and in terms of services offered and
requested between processes located in the same
or different computers

A

software architecture

23
Q

The lowest-level hardware and software layers are
often referred to as a platform, this layer bring the system’s
programming interface up to a level that facilities
communication and coordination between processes. Intel
x86/Windows, Sun SPARC/SunOS, Intel x86/Solaris,
PowerPC/Mac OS, Intel x86/Linux are major example

A

Platform

24
Q

It is a layer of software whose purpose is to
mask heterogeneity and provide a convenient programming
model to application programmers. Middleware is
represented by processes or objects in a set of computers
that interact with each other to implement communication and
resource sharing support for distributed applications

A

Middleware

25
Q

three types of communication paradigm

A
  • Interprocess communication;
  • Remote invocation;
  • Indirect communication
26
Q

refers to the relatively
low-level support for communication between
processes in distributed systems, including
message-passing primitives, direct access to the API
offered by Internet protocols (socket programming)
and support for multicast communication

A

Interprocess communication

27
Q

represents the most common
communication paradigm in distributed systems, covering
a range of techniques based on a two-way exchange
between communicating entities in a distributed system
and resulting in the calling of a remote operation,
procedure or method, as defined further below

A

Remote invocation

28
Q

is performed through a third entity,
allowing a strong degree of decoupling between senders
and receivers. In particular:

A

Indirect communication

29
Q

This is the architecture that is
most cited when distributed systems are discussed.

A

Client-Server model

30
Q

In this architecture all of the processes
involved in a task or activity play similar roles,
interacting cooperatively as peers without any
distinction between client and server processes or
the computers on which they run.

A

Peer-to-peer

31
Q

Services
may be implemented as several server processes in
separate host computers interacting as necessary to
provide a service to client processes

A

Services provided by multiple servers

32
Q

A cache is a store of
recently used data objects that is closer than the
objects themselves

A

Proxy servers and caches

33
Q

In this architecture all of the
processes play similar roles, interacting
cooperatively as peers to perform a distributed
activity or computation without any distinction
between clients and servers

A

Peer processes

34
Q

An example introduced for mobile
code are applets that are a well-known and widely
used

A

Mobile code

35
Q

is a running program that travels
from one computer to another in a network carrying
out a task on someone’s behalf, such as collecting
information, eventually returning with the results

A

A mobile agent

36
Q

might be used to install and maintain
software on the computers within a organization or
to compare the prices of products from a number of
vendors by visiting the site of each vendor and
performing a series of database operations

A

Mobile agents

37
Q

the three aspects must be partitioned
into two processes, the client and the server.

A

two-tier solution

38
Q

there is a one-to-one mapping from
logical elements to physical servers and hence, for example,
the application logic is held in one place, which in turn can
enhance maintainability of the software.

A

three-tier

39
Q

can also be a simple user interface allowing
intrinsic support for thin clients (as discussed below).

A

first tier

40
Q

is simply a database

A

the third
tier

41
Q

this pattern consists of the trio of
service provider,service requester and service
broker (a service that matches services provided to
those requested)

A

brokerage

42
Q

is the form of distribution
that integrates mobile devices and other devices into
a given network

A

Spontaneous networking

43
Q

The key features of spontaneous
networking are

A
  • Easy connection to a local network
  • Easy integration with local services
  • Limited connectivity
  • Security and privacy
  • Discovery services
44
Q

Performance issues arising from the limited processing and
communication capacities of computers and networks are considered
under the following subheadings

A
  • Responsiveness
  • Throughput
  • Balancing computational loads
45
Q

Quality of service, the main non-functional properties of systems that
affect the quality of the service experienced by clients and users are

A
  • Reliability
  • Security
  • Performance
  • Adaptability
46
Q

Use of caching and replication

A

Web-caching protocol

47
Q

is a requirement in most
application domains. We defined the dependability of computer
systems as correctness, security and fault tolerance

A

Dependability issues

Redes (3 decks)

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