Parasitology - Nematodes Flashcards
most common intestinal nematode of man in PH
Ascaris lumbricoides
human whipworm
Trichuris trichiura
close relative of T. trichiura
Capillaria philippinensis
Pudoc worm
Capillaria philippinensis
most common nematode of man in US
Enterobius vermicularis
a parasitic worm discovered by nelia salazar
Capillaria philippinensis
Where did Nelia Salazar discovered Capillaria philippinensis?
pudoc, ilocos sur
common names of Enterobius vermicularis
(Oh PSST!)
Oxyuris vermicularis
pinworm
society worm
seatworm
tiwa (ph)
giant intestinal roundworm
Ascaris lumbricoides
eelworm
Ascaris lumbricoides
larval stage 1 & 2 (L1 & L2)
rhabditidorm
larval stage 3 (L3)
filariform
shapes of Trichuris trichiura
(mag-Football sa JBL)
Football
Japanese Lantern
Barrel
Lemon
these are called roundworms due to the appearance of adult
nematodes
3 life cycle of nematodes
egg
larva
adult
what is the general characteristic of an adult male nematode?
smaller, curved posterior with spicule
what is the general characteristic of an adult female nematode?
larger, pointed posterior, no spicule
the only nematode that is parthenogenic
Strongyloides stercoralis
what is parthenogenic?
adult female that can reproduce by themselves
these are elongated, cylindrical, unsegmented, dioecious
nematodes
lay immature ova
oviparous
lay mature ova
oviviparous or ovoviviparous
lays larva
viviparous / larviparous
what are 3 types of hosts?
intermediate host
definitive or final host
natural host
harbors larval or asexual stage
IH
harbors adult or sexual stage
DH or FH
final host in the environment
natural host
stage of when the parasites are capable of infecting host
infective stage
stage that aids in identification of the parasite
diagnostic stage
final host of Ascaris lumbricoides
man
intestinal nematodes
• Ascaris lumbricoides
• Trichuris trichiura
• Capillaria philippinensis
• Enterobius vermicularis
• Necator americanus
• Ancylostoma duodenale
• Strongyloides stercoralis
extra-intestinal nematodes
• Filarial worms (6)
• Brugia timori
• Trichinella spiralis
• Dracunculus medinensis
• Angiostrongylus cantonensis
• *Dirofilaria immitis
• *Anisakis spp.
enumerate small intestine nematodes
(CASH)
• C. philippinensis
• A. lumbricoides
• S. stercoralis
• Hookworms
enumerate large intestine nematodes
• E. vermicularis
• T. trichiura
enumerates nematodes capable of lung migration
(ASH)
* A. lumbricoides
* S. stercoralis
* Hookworms
the classic “UNHOLY TRINITY” common in children
• Hookworms
• A. lumbricoides
• T. trichiura
habitat of A. lumbricoides
small intestine
dx stage of A. lumbricoides?
ova, adult
infective stage of A. lumbricoides?
embryonated ova
MOT of A. lumbricoides?
ingestion of infective stage (embryonated ova)
true or false?
A. lumbricoides is capable of migration.
true
larvae penetrate the intestinal mucosa, migrate via the portal vessels and lymphatic system into the liver from where they are carried through the heart into the lungs. Subsequently, they penetrate the capillary walls and enter into the lung alveoli.
what is the causative agent of ascariasis?
A. lumbricoides
morph adult - A. lumbricoides
length (cm) of male and female
F: 22-35 cm
M: up to 30 cm
morph adult - A. lumbricoides
color?
creamy white, pink tint
posterior tail of adult female A. lumbricoides?
pointed
posterior tale of adult male A. lumbricoides?
curved
what is the appearance of the anterior head of an adult male and female?
trilobate (consisting of 3 lips)
WHat is the pathology of A. lumbricoides:
due to adult
- Ascaris pneumonitis (Loeffler’s pneumonia)
- Visceral Larva Migrans
Loeffler’s pneumonia indication?
- increased eosinophils
- presence of charcot-leyden crystals
another term for ascaris pneumonitis?
Loeffler’s pneumonia
an animal ascaris
visceral larva migrans
visceral larva migrans causative agents?
- toxocara canis - dog
- toxocara cati - cat
- ascaris suum - pig
what are the three layers of an ascaris egg?
- outermost mamillation - albuminoid layer
- middle glycogen layer
- inner vitelline / lipoidal / lecithin layer
layers of an immature ascaris ova?
no inner vitelline layer
with lecithin granules
layers of a mature corticated ascaris egg?
all layers are present
layers of a decorticated mature ascaris egg?
no outermost mammillation layer
final host of human whipworm?
MAN
habitat of Trichuris trichiura?
large intestine
what aids in identification of Trichuris trichiura?
ova (easily recognizable)
what is the infective stage of human whipworm
fully embryonated egg
MOT of Trichuris trichiura
ingestion of fully embryonated egg
a nematode that can cause microcytic, hypochromic iron deficiency anemia
whipworm
T. trichiura
(trichuriasis)
what symptoms accompanies Trichuris trichiura?
- bloody diarrhea
- epigastric pain
- iron deficiency anemia
- rectal prolapse
- hypoalbuminea
true or false
Trichuris trichiura anterior 3/5 is attenuated
true
Trichuris trichiura anterior 3/5 attenuated
how does Trichuris trichiura attaches to the mucosa of large intestine?
it attaches to the mucose of large intestine thru PIN-FASHION ATTACHMENT
appaeance of fleshy posterior portion of Trichuris trichiura adult male and female
F: pointed
M: curved
morphology of T. trichiura ova
large, mucoid prominent BIPOLAR PLUGS
yellowish brown color
morphologically similar with T. trichiura
Capillaria philippinensis
final host of pudoc worm
man
other vertebrae
natural hosts of Capillaria philippinensis
migratory birds (herons, egrets, bitterns)
enumerate the intermediate hosts of Capillaria philippinensis
Freshwater fishes / Brackish water
fishes / Glass fishes
* Bagtu,
* bagsang,
* birot,
* ipon (hypselotris
bipartita)
habitat of Capillaria philippinensis?
small intestine
dx stage of the parasite discovered by Nelia Salazar
larva or ova found in stool
infective stage of pudoc worm
larva found in fishes
MOT of capillaria philippinensis
ingestion of raw or uncooked fish with larva
also known as the mystery disease
pudoc disease
causative agent of mystery disease
Capillaria philippinensis
What do you call the disease caused by Capillaria philippinensis?
Capillariasis
Mystery disease or Pudoc disease
what are the symptoms of Capillariasis / Mystery dissease?
- Borborygmus (rumbling tummy)
- Severe diarrhea
- Abdominal pain
these are delicate tiny worms
Capillaria philippinensis - adult
morphology of Capillaria philippinensis - Adult
female - usually with eggs in utero
male - with chitinized spicule
what is the purpose of spicules in an adult male nematode?
for reproduction
what is the morphology of pudoc worm ova?
small, striated shell, FLATTENED MUCOID BIPOLAR PLUGS
pudoc worm is morphologically similar with?
human whipworm
TIWA of PH
Enterobius vermicularis
final host of pinworm
man
habitat of seatworm
large intestine
true or false
the society worm has the same dx and infective stage
true
dx and inf stage of society worm = OVA
MOT of Enterobius vermicularis
- ingestion
- inhalation
- retroinfection
- autoinfection
what are nocturnal parasites?
nocturnal parasites lay eggs at night
ex. adult female of society worm
true or false
the adult female of Enterobius vermicularis are noctural parasites which means the lay eggs at night
true
this action causes pruritus ani / perianal itching
newly hatched larva migrates back into the hosts
retroinfection
hand-to-mouth transmission
autoinfection
self-infection
autoinfection
what is pruritus ani?
a perianal itching caused by nocturnal parasites
causative agent of enterobiasis?
Enterobius vermicularis
what are the symptoms accompanied by Enterobiasis?
- nocturnal pruritus ani
- loss of appetite
- extra-intestinal enterobiasis
nocturnal pruritus ani
insomia irritation
extra-intestinal enterobiasis - migrates where?
vagina, uterus, fallopian tube
morphology of female and male adult pinworm?
Female: gravid uterus filled w/ eggs, pointed posterior end
Male: flask-shaped / bulb-like esophagus, curved posterior end
both with cephalic alae (lateral wing)
morphology of Enterobius vermicularis ova
- oval-shaped, flattened on one side
- double-layered shell
a parasite with lopsided ovum, ‘‘D’’ shaped ovum
Enterobius vermicularis
- seatworm
- pinworm
- oxyuris vermicularis
- society worm
- TIWA (PH)
time of collection of cellulose tape scotch-tape method
night or early morning
what is the lab dx of enterobiasis?
cellulose tape / scotch tape method
“cellophane-covered thick smear”
kato-katz
what are three reasons if no ova detected?
no infection, early infection, all male infection
general principle: specific gravity and centrifugation
concentration techniques
Recommended method for egg
counting procedure (WHO)
kato-katz
what is needed in direct fecal smear?
2 mg stool + 1 drop 0.85% NaCl (NSS)
routine method of stool examination - qualitative technique (no counting)
direct fecal smear
what are the stains used for direct fecal smear?
Lugol’s iodine – cannot recover
trophozoites (amoeba-sensitive)
Nair’s Buffered Methylene Blue
(BMB)
a stain of direct fecal smear that cannot recover trophozoites and are ameoba-sensitive
lugol’s iodine
A stool examination in which it is useful for specific species identification and it uses LPO and HPO
direct fecal smear
It uses 50-60mg stool covered with cellophane
kato-thick
how is the solution preparared in kato-thick when doing stool exam?
cellophane is soaked in a mixture of glycerin and malachite green solution
what are the materials used for kato-thick exam?
- glycerin
- malachite green
- use green cellophane soak in glycerin as substitute for malachite green
also known as “cellophane-covered thick smear”
kato-katz
the only quantitative method discussed under stool examination
kato-katz
kato-katz uses the same materials as kato-thick but with additionals. what are these additional materials used in cellophane-covered thick smear?
- template
- wire mesh
what are the two concentration techniques?
- sedimentation technique
- floatation technique
true or false
In sedimentation technique, the specific gravity of the parasite is higher than the reagent, hence parasite tends to float.
false
SG of parasite is HIGHER than the reagent used hence,
parasite sink
What is the method of choice if
spx is from animal source, recommended for recovery of:
1. T. trichiura ova
2. C. philippinensis ova
3. Schistosoma ova
Acid Ether Concentration Technique
What are the two mentioned sedimentation technique?
- formalin-ether concentration technique
- acid ether concentration technique
true or false
In floatation technique, the specific gravity of the parasite is lower than the reagent, hence parasite tends to sink.
false
SG of parasite is LOWER than the reagent used hence, parasite float