Parasitology - Nematodes Flashcards
most common intestinal nematode of man in PH
Ascaris lumbricoides
human whipworm
Trichuris trichiura
close relative of T. trichiura
Capillaria philippinensis
Pudoc worm
Capillaria philippinensis
most common nematode of man in US
Enterobius vermicularis
a parasitic worm discovered by nelia salazar
Capillaria philippinensis
Where did Nelia Salazar discovered Capillaria philippinensis?
pudoc, ilocos sur
common names of Enterobius vermicularis
(Oh PSST!)
Oxyuris vermicularis
pinworm
society worm
seatworm
tiwa (ph)
giant intestinal roundworm
Ascaris lumbricoides
eelworm
Ascaris lumbricoides
larval stage 1 & 2 (L1 & L2)
rhabditidorm
larval stage 3 (L3)
filariform
shapes of Trichuris trichiura
(mag-Football sa JBL)
Football
Japanese Lantern
Barrel
Lemon
these are called roundworms due to the appearance of adult
nematodes
3 life cycle of nematodes
egg
larva
adult
what is the general characteristic of an adult male nematode?
smaller, curved posterior with spicule
what is the general characteristic of an adult female nematode?
larger, pointed posterior, no spicule
the only nematode that is parthenogenic
Strongyloides stercoralis
what is parthenogenic?
adult female that can reproduce by themselves
these are elongated, cylindrical, unsegmented, dioecious
nematodes
lay immature ova
oviparous
lay mature ova
oviviparous or ovoviviparous
lays larva
viviparous / larviparous
what are 3 types of hosts?
intermediate host
definitive or final host
natural host
harbors larval or asexual stage
IH
harbors adult or sexual stage
DH or FH
final host in the environment
natural host
stage of when the parasites are capable of infecting host
infective stage
stage that aids in identification of the parasite
diagnostic stage
final host of Ascaris lumbricoides
man
intestinal nematodes
• Ascaris lumbricoides
• Trichuris trichiura
• Capillaria philippinensis
• Enterobius vermicularis
• Necator americanus
• Ancylostoma duodenale
• Strongyloides stercoralis
extra-intestinal nematodes
• Filarial worms (6)
• Brugia timori
• Trichinella spiralis
• Dracunculus medinensis
• Angiostrongylus cantonensis
• *Dirofilaria immitis
• *Anisakis spp.
enumerate small intestine nematodes
(CASH)
• C. philippinensis
• A. lumbricoides
• S. stercoralis
• Hookworms
enumerate large intestine nematodes
• E. vermicularis
• T. trichiura
enumerates nematodes capable of lung migration
(ASH)
* A. lumbricoides
* S. stercoralis
* Hookworms
the classic “UNHOLY TRINITY” common in children
• Hookworms
• A. lumbricoides
• T. trichiura
habitat of A. lumbricoides
small intestine
dx stage of A. lumbricoides?
ova, adult
infective stage of A. lumbricoides?
embryonated ova
MOT of A. lumbricoides?
ingestion of infective stage (embryonated ova)
true or false?
A. lumbricoides is capable of migration.
true
larvae penetrate the intestinal mucosa, migrate via the portal vessels and lymphatic system into the liver from where they are carried through the heart into the lungs. Subsequently, they penetrate the capillary walls and enter into the lung alveoli.
what is the causative agent of ascariasis?
A. lumbricoides
morph adult - A. lumbricoides
length (cm) of male and female
F: 22-35 cm
M: up to 30 cm
morph adult - A. lumbricoides
color?
creamy white, pink tint
posterior tail of adult female A. lumbricoides?
pointed
posterior tale of adult male A. lumbricoides?
curved
what is the appearance of the anterior head of an adult male and female?
trilobate (consisting of 3 lips)
WHat is the pathology of A. lumbricoides:
due to adult
- Ascaris pneumonitis (Loeffler’s pneumonia)
- Visceral Larva Migrans
Loeffler’s pneumonia indication?
- increased eosinophils
- presence of charcot-leyden crystals
another term for ascaris pneumonitis?
Loeffler’s pneumonia
an animal ascaris
visceral larva migrans
visceral larva migrans causative agents?
- toxocara canis - dog
- toxocara cati - cat
- ascaris suum - pig
what are the three layers of an ascaris egg?
- outermost mamillation - albuminoid layer
- middle glycogen layer
- inner vitelline / lipoidal / lecithin layer
layers of an immature ascaris ova?
no inner vitelline layer
with lecithin granules
layers of a mature corticated ascaris egg?
all layers are present
layers of a decorticated mature ascaris egg?
no outermost mammillation layer
final host of human whipworm?
MAN
habitat of Trichuris trichiura?
large intestine
what aids in identification of Trichuris trichiura?
ova (easily recognizable)
what is the infective stage of human whipworm
fully embryonated egg
MOT of Trichuris trichiura
ingestion of fully embryonated egg
a nematode that can cause microcytic, hypochromic iron deficiency anemia
whipworm
T. trichiura
(trichuriasis)
what symptoms accompanies Trichuris trichiura?
- bloody diarrhea
- epigastric pain
- iron deficiency anemia
- rectal prolapse
- hypoalbuminea
true or false
Trichuris trichiura anterior 3/5 is attenuated
true
Trichuris trichiura anterior 3/5 attenuated
how does Trichuris trichiura attaches to the mucosa of large intestine?
it attaches to the mucose of large intestine thru PIN-FASHION ATTACHMENT
appaeance of fleshy posterior portion of Trichuris trichiura adult male and female
F: pointed
M: curved
morphology of T. trichiura ova
large, mucoid prominent BIPOLAR PLUGS
yellowish brown color
morphologically similar with T. trichiura
Capillaria philippinensis
final host of pudoc worm
man
other vertebrae
natural hosts of Capillaria philippinensis
migratory birds (herons, egrets, bitterns)
enumerate the intermediate hosts of Capillaria philippinensis
Freshwater fishes / Brackish water
fishes / Glass fishes
* Bagtu,
* bagsang,
* birot,
* ipon (hypselotris
bipartita)
habitat of Capillaria philippinensis?
small intestine
dx stage of the parasite discovered by Nelia Salazar
larva or ova found in stool
infective stage of pudoc worm
larva found in fishes
MOT of capillaria philippinensis
ingestion of raw or uncooked fish with larva
also known as the mystery disease
pudoc disease
causative agent of mystery disease
Capillaria philippinensis
What do you call the disease caused by Capillaria philippinensis?
Capillariasis
Mystery disease or Pudoc disease
what are the symptoms of Capillariasis / Mystery dissease?
- Borborygmus (rumbling tummy)
- Severe diarrhea
- Abdominal pain
these are delicate tiny worms
Capillaria philippinensis - adult
morphology of Capillaria philippinensis - Adult
female - usually with eggs in utero
male - with chitinized spicule
what is the purpose of spicules in an adult male nematode?
for reproduction
what is the morphology of pudoc worm ova?
small, striated shell, FLATTENED MUCOID BIPOLAR PLUGS
pudoc worm is morphologically similar with?
human whipworm
TIWA of PH
Enterobius vermicularis
final host of pinworm
man
habitat of seatworm
large intestine
true or false
the society worm has the same dx and infective stage
true
dx and inf stage of society worm = OVA
MOT of Enterobius vermicularis
- ingestion
- inhalation
- retroinfection
- autoinfection
what are nocturnal parasites?
nocturnal parasites lay eggs at night
ex. adult female of society worm
true or false
the adult female of Enterobius vermicularis are noctural parasites which means the lay eggs at night
true
this action causes pruritus ani / perianal itching
newly hatched larva migrates back into the hosts
retroinfection
hand-to-mouth transmission
autoinfection
self-infection
autoinfection
what is pruritus ani?
a perianal itching caused by nocturnal parasites
causative agent of enterobiasis?
Enterobius vermicularis
what are the symptoms accompanied by Enterobiasis?
- nocturnal pruritus ani
- loss of appetite
- extra-intestinal enterobiasis
nocturnal pruritus ani
insomia irritation
extra-intestinal enterobiasis - migrates where?
vagina, uterus, fallopian tube
morphology of female and male adult pinworm?
Female: gravid uterus filled w/ eggs, pointed posterior end
Male: flask-shaped / bulb-like esophagus, curved posterior end
both with cephalic alae (lateral wing)
morphology of Enterobius vermicularis ova
- oval-shaped, flattened on one side
- double-layered shell
a parasite with lopsided ovum, ‘‘D’’ shaped ovum
Enterobius vermicularis
- seatworm
- pinworm
- oxyuris vermicularis
- society worm
- TIWA (PH)
time of collection of cellulose tape scotch-tape method
night or early morning
what is the lab dx of enterobiasis?
cellulose tape / scotch tape method
“cellophane-covered thick smear”
kato-katz
what are three reasons if no ova detected?
no infection, early infection, all male infection
general principle: specific gravity and centrifugation
concentration techniques
Recommended method for egg
counting procedure (WHO)
kato-katz
what is needed in direct fecal smear?
2 mg stool + 1 drop 0.85% NaCl (NSS)
routine method of stool examination - qualitative technique (no counting)
direct fecal smear
what are the stains used for direct fecal smear?
Lugol’s iodine – cannot recover
trophozoites (amoeba-sensitive)
Nair’s Buffered Methylene Blue
(BMB)
a stain of direct fecal smear that cannot recover trophozoites and are ameoba-sensitive
lugol’s iodine
A stool examination in which it is useful for specific species identification and it uses LPO and HPO
direct fecal smear
It uses 50-60mg stool covered with cellophane
kato-thick
how is the solution preparared in kato-thick when doing stool exam?
cellophane is soaked in a mixture of glycerin and malachite green solution
what are the materials used for kato-thick exam?
- glycerin
- malachite green
- use green cellophane soak in glycerin as substitute for malachite green
also known as “cellophane-covered thick smear”
kato-katz
the only quantitative method discussed under stool examination
kato-katz
kato-katz uses the same materials as kato-thick but with additionals. what are these additional materials used in cellophane-covered thick smear?
- template
- wire mesh
what are the two concentration techniques?
- sedimentation technique
- floatation technique
true or false
In sedimentation technique, the specific gravity of the parasite is higher than the reagent, hence parasite tends to float.
false
SG of parasite is HIGHER than the reagent used hence,
parasite sink
What is the method of choice if
spx is from animal source, recommended for recovery of:
1. T. trichiura ova
2. C. philippinensis ova
3. Schistosoma ova
Acid Ether Concentration Technique
What are the two mentioned sedimentation technique?
- formalin-ether concentration technique
- acid ether concentration technique
true or false
In floatation technique, the specific gravity of the parasite is lower than the reagent, hence parasite tends to sink.
false
SG of parasite is LOWER than the reagent used hence, parasite float
What are the three different floatation technique mentioned?
- zinc sulfate concentration technique
- sheather’s floatation
- brine’s floatation
what is the reagent used in zinc sulfate conc tech?
33% ZnSO4
SG for fresh stool
1.18
SG for fixed stool
1.20
not suitable for operculated ova (trematodes); uses 33% ZnSO4 as its reagent
zinc sulfate conc tech
flotation technique recommended for oocysts
sheather’s floatation
a floatation technique which does not require centrifugation and uses salt solution
brine’s floatation
true or false
In brine’s solution, helminths float as you continuously add salt.
false
brine’s floatation requires NO centrifugation as helminth ova floats as you continuously add salt
Enumerate the parasites that are not suitable for brine’s floatation.
- Operculated ova (trematodes)-doesn’t float as it enters operculum
- Hookworm, Schistosoma ova –tend to shrink in brine’s solution
2nd most common helminth to infect man
hookworms
the term hookworm is collectively used for these 2 parasites
- Necator americanus - new world HW
- Ancylostoma duodenale - old world HW
An emerging HW specie that can also be found in man
Ancylostoma ceylanicum
2 mentioned animal HW
- A. caninum – dog HW – 3 pairs of teeth
- A. braziliense – cat HW – 2 pairs of teeth (small medial teeth)
a dog HW
how many pairs of teeth?
A caninum
3 pairs of teeth
cat HW
how many pairs of teeth?
A. braziliense
2 pairs of teeth (2 medial small teeth)
also known as american murderer
new world HW
the final host of Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale, and Strongyloides stercoralis.
MAN
habitat of hookworms
small intestine
MOT of hookworms
skin penetration of infective larva
dx stage of hookworm
rhabtidiform larva or ova
L1 & L2
infective stage of hookworms and Strongyloides stercoralis
3rd stage filariform larva
Pathology of hookworms
due to larva
- allergic reaction (dermatitis)
- pneumonitis
- cuteneous larva migrans
pathology of hookworms due to larva:
ground itch, dew itch, colic itch water sore, mazza mora
allergic reaction (dermatitis)
pathology of hookworms due to larva:
wakana
pneumonitis
a lung inflammation, resembles an immediate-hypersensitivity
causes difficulty in breathing often accompanied by cough
pathology of hookworms due to larva:
creepy eruptions, accidental infection, caused by A.
caninum & A. braziliense
Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM)
pathology of hookworms due to larva:
what is the causative agent of Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM)?
A. caninum & A. braziliense
pathology of hookworms
due to ADULT
- Epigastric discomfort
- malnutrition
- iron deficiency anemia
N. americanus or A. duodenale
Shape: S-shaped
Buccal cavity: semilunar cutting plates
Copulatory bursa: Birpatite (2 digits Barbed/ bristle-like
N. americanus
N. americanus or A. duodenale
Shape: C-shaped
Buccal cavity: 2 pairs teeth
Copulatory bursa: tripartite (3 digits) simple not barbed
A. duodenale
also known as threadworms
S. stercoralis
a facultative parasite, able to complete their life cycle w/ or w/o host
females are parthenogenic – asexual reproduction
males - uncommon
S. stercoralis
2 different habitat of S. stercoralis
Free-living State: soil (indirect/heterogenic form)
Parasitic State: small intestine (direct/homogenic)
MOT of S. stercoralis
- skin penetration of infective larva
- autoinfection
- hyperinfection
pathology of S. stercoralis
due to larva
- Allergic rxn – at the site of penetration (Larva Currens)
- Pneumonitis – presenting
Loeffler’s pneumonia (similar
to A. lumbricoides)
presenting Loeffler’s pneumonia (similar to A. lumbricoides)
pneumonitis due to larva caused by S. stercoralis
pathology of S. stercoralis
due to ADULT
Conchin-china diarrhea
Vietnamese Diarrhea
- 1st reported among french soldiers returning to france w/ diarrhea from indo-china region
- Intermittent diarrhea (come & go diarrhea)
- Honeycomb appearance of intestinal mucosa
Conchin-china diarrhea
Vietnamese Diarrhea
does not absolutely rely on any host for completion of their life cycle (ex. S. stercoralis)
facultative parasites
cannot complete its life-cycle without exploiting a suitable host
obligate parasites
true or false
hookworm ova morphology is:
* Ovoidal, thin shelled, and colorless
*you can’t differentiate, therefore report as “Hookworm Ova” and to speciate look for the larva
true
Chinese lantern appearance
S. stercoralis ova
Clear thin shell, indistinguishable with hookworm ova
S. stercoralis ova
its larva is tagged as SHORT and SEXY
Rhabditiform and filariform larva of S. stercoralis
S. stercoralis larva that has short buccal cavity and prominent genital primordium
L1 & L2
S. stercoralis larva that has notched tail, unsheathed
it’s also the infective stage
L3
hookworm larva that is at:
feeding stage
L1 & L2
open mouth
hookworm larva that is at:
non-feeding stage
L3
closed mouth
hookworm larva:
- short and stout
- long buccal cavity
- short/small genital primordium
L1 & L2
hookworm larva:
- long and slender
- sheathed, pointed tail
- infective stage
L3
roundworms that do not usually inhabit the
intestines
extraintestinal nematodes
group of nematodes, 6 known spp
filarial worms
filarial worms habitats
- lymphatics
- subcutaneous tissue
- body cavity
filarial worms’ final host
man
filarial worms’ diagnostic stage
microfilaria
filarial worms’ intermediate hosts
arthropod vectors
filarial worms’ infective stage
IH: microfilaria
FH: filariform larva
MOT of filaral worms
Vector Borne – arthropods
essential for the growth of parasite
biologic vector
no parasite dev’t, only purpose is to transmit parasite from one organism to another
Phoretic / Mechanical Vector
truly pathogenic filarial worms
Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Loa
Loa, Onchocerca volvulus
enumerate 6 known spp of extraintesinal nematodes
6 filarial worms
- Wuchereria bancrofti
- Brugia malayi
- Loa Loa
- Onchocerca volvulus
- Mansonella perstans
- Mansonella ozzardi
non-pathogenic extraintestinal nematodes
Mansonella perstans
Mansonella ozzardi
extraintestinal nematodes habitat: lympahatic
Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi
Malayan FW
Brugia malayi
Bancroft’s FW
Wuchereria bancrofti
Most prevalent extraintestinal specie
Wuchereria bancrofti
Most commonly identified
sp of FW that infects man
Most common sp. in PH
Wuchereria bancrofti
most common specie of extraintestinal nematode in PH
Wuchereria bancrofti
vectors: Aedes, Anopheles, Culex
Wuchereria bancrofti
vectors: mansonia, anopheles
Brugia malayi
filarial worms that has sheathed microfilaria
- Wuchereria bancrofti
- Brugia malayi
- Loa Loa
microfilaria:
sheathed
absent nuclei in tail
Wuchereria bancrofti
microfilaria:
sheathed
2 separate nuclei in tail
Brugia malayi
microfilaria:
sheathed
continuous nuclei up to the tail
Loa Loa
spx for filarial worms with sheathed microfilaria
blood
brugia malayi periodicity
subperiodic nocturnal
wuchereria bancrofti periodicity
nocturnal
loa loa periodicity
diurnal
LOWER elephantiasis
Bancroftian filariasis
UPPER elephantiasis
Malayan filariasis
2nd leading cause of permanent /long term disability (PH)
1st is psychiatric illness
lymphatic filariasis
enlargement / hardening of limbs due to tx swelling
Elephantiasis
pathology w. bancrofti & b. malayi
due to microfilaria
Tropic Pulmonary Eosinophilia
* Asthmatic attack
* Inc. eos count
* High IgE Ab lvl
due to microfilaria
- Asthmatic attack
- Inc. eos count
- High IgE Ab lvl
Tropic Pulmonary
Eosinophilia
pathology w. bancrofti & b. malayi
due to adult
- Elephantiasis
- Genito-urinary lesion - chronic, hydrocele
common name: timorian filariasis
brugia timori
vector of b. timori
Mosquito (anopheles sp)
emerging specie of brugia
brugia timori
true or false
the microfilaria of b. timori is the same with b. malayi but LARGER
true
Occurs in Indonesian archipelago (timor and flores islands)
b. timori
“worm-worm”
Eye worm
Loa Loa
Vectors:
Fly (Chrysops spp.)
◦ Tabanid fly
◦ Mango fly
◦ Deer fly
Loa Loa
These filarial worms inhabits the subcutaneus tissues
Loa Loa
Onchocerca volvulus
- Convoluted worm
- Blinding worm
- River Blindness
- Gale filarienne
Onchocerca
volvulus
vector: black fly (simulium spp.)
Onchocerca
volvulus
Calabar swelling or fugitive swelling
Swelling of subcutaneous tx
Loa Loa
2nd most common cause of preventive blindness (1st is trachoma caused by T. trachomatis)
River blindness – black fly lives near river – causes ocular lesions
Leading cause of blindness in endemic areas
Onchocerca
volvulus
2nd most common cause of preventive blindness
(1st is trachoma caused by T. trachomatis)
Onchocerca volvulus
spx of Onchocerca volvulus
skin snips
Leading cause of
blindness in endemic
areas
causes river blindness - ocular lesions
Onchocera volvulus
- Perstans filarial
- Dipetalonema perstans (old name)
Mansonella perstans
new world filaria
Mansonella ozzardi
extra-intestinal nematodes that inhabits body cavities
Mansonella perstans
Mansonella ozzardi
vector: Biting Midges or Gnats (Culicoides spp.)
Mansonella perstans
Mansonella ozzardi
unsheathed microfilaria
Onchocerca volvulus
Mansonella perstans
Mansonella ozzardi
unsheathed, no nuclei in tail
Onchocerca volvulus
Mansonella ozzardi
unsheathed, nuclei up to the tip
Mansonella perstans
True or False
Out of 6 filarial worms, Onchocerca volvulus is the only one the differs in terms of spx for dx
True
Onchocerca volvulus - skin snips
*the rest spx = BLOOD
for demonstration of live microfilaria
wet smears
commonly done, method of choice as it can demonstrate structures of microfilaria
Giemsa-stained blood smears
an anti-parasitic drug w/c stimulates microfilaria to come out to the peripheral circulation, given before blood collection (3mg/kg BW)
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) provocative test
antigen detection technique
detecting CFA - Circulating Filarial Antigen
Immunochromatography
2 conc techniques of extraintestinal nematodes lab dx
Membrane Filtration
Knott’s Technique
swinney filter, everything are not filtered except for MICROFILARIAE
Membrane Filtration
Knott’s Technique reagent
give also reagent purpose
2% formalin
purpose – HEMOLYSIS, to easily visualize microfilariae
Performed to recover microfilariae from sample
reagent: 2% formalin
Knott’s Technique
dog heartworm
Dirofilaria immitis
NH: DOGS
IH: Mosquitoes
MOT: Vector-borne
Infective Stage: FILARIFORM larva
Dirofilaria immitis
dog heartworm
habitat:
Circulatory system of dogs (when MAN is infected this parasite also resides in pulmonary tract or LUNGS)
Dirofilaria immitis
dog heartworm
Produce solitary, peripheral
nodules in the lesions (coin
lungs)
dog heartworm
Dirofilaria immitis
Herring’s worm
Common in Japan
Anisakis spp.
Natural hosts: Whales, dolphins, MAN (definitive hosts)
Anisakis spp.
Three intermediate hosts:
1. Copepods
2. Small fishes
3. Larger fishes
(salmon)
Anisakis spp.
Habitat of Anisakis spp
inside the GUT
Ingestion of raw fish with infective larva (common in japan = sashimi)
Anisakis
Abdominal pain and granuloma migrating larva in intestinal wal
common in japan
Anisakis spp
Muscle worm
Trichina worm
Trichinella spiralis
IH & FH: pig, rant, man (dead-end host)
Trichinella spiralis
IH and FH of Trichinella spiralis
Pig, Rat, MAN (dead-end host)
Trichinella spiralis adult habitat
small intestine
Trichinella spiralis larva habitat
skeletal muscle
Inf. & Dx Stage of Trichinella spiralis
Encysted larva
Ingestion of Encysted Larva from intermediate host
◦ Improperly cooked meat
Trichinella spiralis
Trichinella spiralis adult
w/ conical papilae
male
Trichinella spiralis adult
w/ club-shaped uterus
female
true or false
Trichinella spiralis are viviparous therefore NO OVA morph as it
won’t be recovered
true
Encysted Coiled larva in the nurse cells of striated muscles
Trichinella spiralis larva
only cells capable of supporting trichinella
Nurse cells
great imitator
TRICHINELLOSIS / TRICHINIASIS /
TRICHINOSIS
TRICHINELLOSIS / TRICHINIASIS / TRICHINOSIS
Due to adult
Diarrhea
Abdominal Pain
Nonspecific symptoms
General symptoms
TRICHINELLOSIS / TRICHINIASIS / TRICHINOSIS
Due to LARVA
Eosinophilia
Muscle pain at site of encystation, edema
* Eyelid edema
Muscle BIOPSY
Enumerate the 3 immunotests
- Bentonite Flocculation Test
- Intradermal Bachmann Test
- Beck’s Xenodiagnosis
uses test animal (albino
rats) which are fed with infected muscle samples
Beck’s Xenodiagnosis
trichinella extract is injected intradermally, swelling of area means Ab presence
Intradermal Bachmann Test
serologic test to detect T. spiralis Ab in px serum
Bentonite Flocculation Test
- Guinea worm
- Dragon worm
- Medina worm
- Fiery serpent of Israelites
Dracunculus medinensis
FNAL HOST OF MEDINA WORM
MAN
intermediate host of dragon worm
crustaceans
* copepods
* cyclops
habitat of guinea worm
adult subcutaneous tissues
MOT of fiery serpent of isralites
ingestion of infected copepods
Dracunculus medinensis
coiled anterior end
adult male
Dracunculus medinensis
prominent rounded anterior end
adult female
Causes lesions in subcutaneous tx, dx not helpful, ONLY TX IS IMPORTANT- manual removal of worm from lesions
DRACUNCULIASIS OR GUINEA WORM DISEASE
The following are treatment for
1. Immersion of affected body partto water
2. Wound is cleaned
3. Worm extraction
4. Topical antibiotics
5. Aspirin / Ibuprofen prescription
guinea worm disease
DRACUNCULIASIS
TX DRACUNCULIASIS
- Immersion of affected body partto water
- Wound is cleaned
- Worm extraction
- Topical antibiotics
- Aspirin / Ibuprofen prescription
Rat lungworm
Angiostrongylus cantonensis (old name)
Parastrongylus cantonensis (new name)
new name rat lungworm
Parastrongylus cantonensis
old name rat lungworm
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
FH of rat lungworm
rats
Parastrongylus cantonensis intermediate hosts
Mollusks (SNAIL)
* Pila luzonica (KUHOL)
* Brotia asperata (SUSO)
Angiostrongylus cantonensis inhabits the _?
CNS
rat lungworm adult female appearance
*dx stage is adult worm specifically adult female
“barber’s pole appearance”
dx stage of rat lungworm
Adult worm – specifically ADULT FEMALE as it have uterine tubules in spiral arrangements
“barber’s pole appearance”
infective stage of rat lungworm / Angiostrongylus cantonensis / Parastrongylus cantonensis
larva
MOT of rat lungworm
Ingestion of intermediate hosts with infective larva
causes Eosinophilic Meningoencephalitis
where larva migrates to the brain and spinal cord
Angiostrongylus cantonensis (old name) / Parastrongylus cantonensis (new name)
what infection will give greatest number of eosinophil count?
trichinella spiralis
HOOKWORM AND STRONGYLOIDES
Recovery of NEMATODE LARVA
HARADA MORI STOOL CULTURE TECHNIQUE
HARADA MORI STOOL CULTURE TECHNIQUE L1 & L2 INCUBATION PERIOD
48-72 HRS
HARADA MORI STOOL CULTURE TECHNIQUE L3 INCUBATION PERIOD
UP TO 7 DAYS
MOST IMPORTANT PRECAUTION OF HARADA MORI STOOL CULTURE TECHNIQUE
ALWAYS WEAR PPE
!!!GLOVES!!!
LAB DX FOR S. STERCORALIS ONLY
Beale’s String test
TRUE OR FALSE FOR BEALE’S STRING TEST
Duodenal aspiration technique, also useful for recovery the ff:
* S. s ova & larva
* G. lamblia trophozoite
* Cryptosporidium spp. (parvum) - oocyst
* Isospora / Cystoisospora belli (new name)
* Fasciola hepatica ova
* Clonorchis sinensis
TRUE
Useful for recovery of S. strongyloides ova and larva
BEALE’S STRING TEST
TRUE OR FALSE
HOOKWORMS CAUSES IDA
TRUE
CAUSES MICROCYTIC, HYPOCHROMIC IDA
TRICHURIASIS
gives infected px coin lesions
D. immitis
ansaki spp. definitive host
man
ansaki spp natural hosts
whales
dolphins
dead-end host of trichinella spiralis. why?
man
mot: ingestion of encysted larva from intermediate host
dead-end host kasi wala namang kumakain ng tao unless cannibal yan sha
an immunotest which uses albino rats
beck’s xenodiagnosis
a nematodes causing bloody diarrhea
T. trichiura
intermittent diarrhea
due to adult S. stercoralis
conchin-china diarrhea or vietnamese diarrhea
(come and go diarrhea)
appearance of intestinal mucosa of a px suffering from vietnamese diarrhea
honey comb appearance
larva currens
allergic reaction at the site of penetration due to larva of S. stercoralis
a nematode presenting pathology similar with Ascaris pneumonitis
pneumonitis presenting loeffler’s pneumonia due to larva of S. stercoralis
