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Mycology > Parasitology II: Helminths > Flashcards

Parasitology II: Helminths Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common worm infection in the United States?

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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2
Q

How is Enterobius vermicularis transmitted?

A

Fecal-orally

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3
Q

Pathogenesis of Enterobius vermicularis

A

Attaches to the wall of the colon and migrates through the anus where it hatches eggs

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4
Q

Symptoms of Enterobius vermicularis

A

Anal itching

Can lead to secondary bacterial infection

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5
Q

Diagnosis of Enterobius vermicularis

A

E. vermicularis worms stain orange with Papanicolau stain

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6
Q

Treatment of Enterobius vermicularis

A

Pyrantel pamoate
Mebendazole
Albendazole

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7
Q

What is the distribution of Trichuris trichiura?

A

Southern United States

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8
Q

What is the route of transmission of Trichuris trichiura?

A

Fecal-oral

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of Trichuris trichiura?

A

Heavy infections: Bloody diarrhea, rectal prolapse

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10
Q

What is the treatment of Trichuris trichiura?

A

Mebendazole

Albendazole

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11
Q

What is the distribution of Ascaris?

A

Uncommon in the U.S.

If seen, it is seen in the SE

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12
Q

What do the Ascaris eggs look like?

A

Rough coat

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of Ascaris?

A

Light infection: Asymptomatic

Heavy infection: Wheezing, SOB, malabsorption of food, intestinal obstruction

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14
Q

Diagnosis of Ascaris

A

ID of eggs in the feces

Finding of worms leaving the body

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15
Q

Treatment of Ascaris

A

Mebendazole
Albendazole
Ivermectin
Pyrantel pamoate (pregnant individuals)

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16
Q

What is the distribution of Necateur americanus?

A

Prevalent in Central and South America

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17
Q

What is the mechanism of infection of Necateur americanus?

A

Eggs hatch to larval stage in the environment. Larvae then penetrate the skin. Mature to adults in the small intestine.

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18
Q

What are the risk factors for Necateur americanus?

A

Not wearing shoes

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19
Q

Symptoms of Necateur americanus

A 
"Ground Itch", usually in the soles of the feet
Most cases are asymptomatic.
Blood loss (causing anemia), gastric pain, pulmonary manifestations (not as severe as Ascaris)
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20
Q

Where is Strongyloides stercoralis found?

A

Southern U.S.

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21
Q

What kind of life cycle does Strongyloides stercoralis have?

A

It has a Direct Cycle and an Autoinfective Cycle

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22
Q

Symptoms of Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Pulmonary & GI symptoms

Hallmark feature is peptic-ulcer like pain with peripheral eosinophilia

23
Q

Diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis

A

“Larva currens”…raised “creeping” red lesion over the buttocks or lower back
Shows “trails” of bacteria on a blood agar plate

24
Q

Treatment for Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Ivermectin

25
Q

Where is Ancyclostoma duodenale distributed?

A

Americas, Middle East, Africa

26
Q

What is the life cycle of Ancyclostoma duodenale?

A

Eggs hatch to larvae outside the body. Larvae penetrate the skin.

27
Q

Diagnosis for Necateur/Ancyclostoma

A

Examine stool for worm eggs

Necateur and Ancyclstoma eggs are indistinguishable

28
Q

Treatment for Ancyclostoma/Necateur

A

Pyrantel pamoate

29
Q

What is the distribution of Ancyclostoma braziliense?

A

Tropical & subtropical regions

30
Q

What is the life cycle of Ancyclostoma braziliense?

A

Larvae hatch from eggs in dog/cat feces

31
Q

What are the risk factors for Ancyclostoma braziliense?

A

Larvae contaminated sand (Beachgoers or sandbox)

Close contact with dogs/cats

32
Q

Symptoms of Ancyclostoma braziliense

A

Cutaneous larval migrans. Scratching it can lead to secondary infection.
50% of individuals develop Loffler’s Syndrome (Migratory pulmonary infiltrates associated with peripheral eosinophilia)

33
Q

Diagnosis of Ancyclostoma braziliense

A

“Creeping eruption”
Long red raised pruritic lesion
Pulmonary manifestations

34
Q

Treatment of Ancyclostoma brazilense

A 
Albendazole
Ivermectin
Topical Thiabendazole
Anti-histamines
Antibiotics
35
Q

What is the life cycle of Toxocara canis?

A

Eggs eaten by dogs

36
Q

Who is at risk to get Toxocara canis?

A

Young children and dog owners

37
Q

What are the symptoms of Toxocara canis?

A

Visceral Larva Migrans
Ocular Larva Migrans
Unilateral strabismus. Decreased vision
Will see Granulomatous endophthalmitis on eye exam (white spots in the retina)

38
Q

Diagnosis of Toxocara canis

A

Larvae in liver biopsy

Eosinophilic leukocytes

39
Q

Treatment

A

Anti-helminthes

Corticosteroids

40
Q

What is the distribution of Baylisacaris procyonis?

A

U.S., Europe, Japan

41
Q

What animal is Baylisacaris procyonis associated with?

A

Racoons

42
Q

What are the risk factors for Baylisacaris procyonis?

A

Anyone around racoons

43
Q

Symptoms of Baylisacaris procyonis

A

Similar to Toxocara canis, but more severe

Loss of coordination, muscle control, blindness, coma

44
Q

Diagnosis of Baylisacaris procyonis

A

Sensitivity to light on eye exam, inflammation of the eye

Eosinophilic pleocytosis, peripheral eosinophilia

45
Q

Treatment of Baylisacaris procyonis

A

None are considered truly effective

Albendazole

46
Q

What animal is Taenia solium associated with?

A

Pigs

47
Q

Symptoms of Taenia solium

A

Cysterci develop in eyes, muscles, and brain

48
Q

Diagnosis of Taenia solium

A

Eggs/proglottids in stool

CT the brain for neurocysticerosis

49
Q

Treatment for Taenia solium

A

Albendazole

Praziquantel

50
Q

What animal is Trichinella spiralis associated with?

A

Wild game (bear, cougar, boar)

51
Q

Symptoms of Trichinella spiralis

A

Eyelid swelling, small hemorrhages beneath the fingernails
Hemoptysis
EKG anomalies

52
Q

Diagnosis of Trichinella spiralis

A

Swirls on H&E stain (eosinophilic)

53
Q

Treatment of Trichinella spiralis

A

Mebendazole

Albendazole

Mycology (5 decks)

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