Parasitology: Diseases Flashcards by jamie stewart

Malaria

Plasmodium species
from tropic and subtropic areas
Vector: Mosquito
Uses blood smears to identify

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Blood smears

Thick film: Screening for parasites
Thin Film: differentiation of species. Count # of infected cells to determine load

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Plasmodium vivax

Sporozoa
Causes benign tertian malaria
chronic infections can lead to brain, liver, and kidney damage

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Plasmodium malaria

Sporozoa
Quartan malaria
spontaneous recovery, repeated attacks for 20yrs.
Nephrotic syndrome

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Plasmodium falciparum

Sporozoa
Tends to have highest parasite load
asynchronous life cycle w/ rbc rupture.
MOST SEVERE/COMMON in US
“black water fever”: repeated infections

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Babesia species

Sporozoa
humans are accidental hosts
New England, Wisconsin, and Connecticut are known areas of infection
Hemolytic anemia
majority of cases are self limiting
DEER TICK vector

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Intestinal sporozoa

Stool Sample
subclass is coccidia
Isospora belli
Cryptosporidium parvum
Cyclospora cayetanensis

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Isospora belli

Intestinal sporozoa
fecal oral route of spreading
infection can be severe in immunocompromised patients
mild diarrhea to dysentery

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Cryptosporidium parvum

Intestinal sporozoa
modified acid fast used to diagnose
fecal-oral
self-limiting diarrhea
can cause dysentery in immunocompromised. can be fatal!

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Cyclospora cayetanensis

Intestinal sporozoa
human to human transmission only
self-limiting diarrhea
diagnosed using acid-fast

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Toxoplasma gondii

Tissue sporozoa
infects almost all animals and birds
diagnose using immunoassay methods
CATS are host
disease mimics mono
organism can cross placenta
immunocompromised patients: encephalitis, myocarditis, hepatitis

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Intestinal amoeba

compare wet preps with fixed smears to confirm

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Entamoeba histolytica

Intestinal amoeba
causes intestinal ulcerations
amebic dysentery

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Entamoeba hartmanni

Intestinal amoeba
commensal and non-pathogenic

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Entamoeba coli

Intestinal amoeba
Commensal, non-pathogenic. Is a sign to watch out for other parasites

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Endolimax nana

Intestinal amoeba
commensal, non-pathogenic

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Iodamoeba butschlii

Intestinal amoeba
commensal, non-pathogenic

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Blastocystis hominis

Intestinal amoeba
may cause gastrointestinal disease, but unclear.
causes disease in AIDs patients
one of most common parasites
causes diarhae

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Extraintestinal amoeba

not found in stool (CSF, brain tissue, corneal scraping, contact lens)

Naegleria fowleri

Extraintestinal amoeba
PRIMARY AMEBIC MENINGOENCEPHALITIS
USE CSF

Acanthamoeba

Extraintestinal amoeba
granulomatous amebic meningitis
also causes acanthamoeba keratitis (from contact lens)
Uses CSF
corneal scrapings for kerititis

Giardia lamblia

Intestinal flagellates
traveler’s diarrhea
malabsorption syndrome due to damage of intestinal damage caused by suckers
Beavers are reservoir host

Chilomastix mesnili

Intestinal flagellates
commensal, non-pathogenic

Dientamoeba fragilis

Intestinal flagellates
controversial: may be symptomatic, may have diarrhea

Trichomonas hominis

Intestinal flagellates Commensal, non-pathogenic

Trichomonas vaginalis

Intestinal flagellates causes STI causes urethritis and vaginitis examine urine, vaginal discharge, urethral discharge, or prostatic secretions molecular diagnostics available for female patients

Leishmania

hemoflagellates vector is sand fly diagnose using amastigotes in tissue, secretions, or skin scrapings

Leishmania donovani

hemoflagellates causes kala-Azar (visceral leishmaniasis) nondescript abdominal illness patients usually have anemia. death in 2yrs if left untreated

Leishmania brazilienis

hemoflagellates causes espundia

Leishmania tropica

hemoflagellates causes oriental sore (pus-filled, self healing wound)

Trypansoma

hemoflagellates find trypomastigotes in blood, lymph, and csf T. Cruzi has C or U shape, can cross placenta causing congenital infections T. brusi: African sleeping sickness

Balantidium coli

Intestinal ciliate causes balantidiasis Can resemble amoebic dysentery

Enterobius vermicularis

Intestinal Nematodes (helminths) Most common is US person-person. humans are only known host "Scotch tape" method of collection causes enterobiasis itchy bum

Trichuris trichiura

Intestinal Nematodes (helminths) whipworm causes dysentery and severe anemia

Ascaris lumbricoides

Intestinal Nematodes (helminths) most common helminth infection worldwide CAN USE STOOL OR SPUTUM SAMPLE "round worm" abdominal pain, eosinophilia, pneumonia

Hookworm

Intestinal Nematodes (helminths) necator americanus ancylostoma duodenale can get from walking barefoot on sand/soil Can cause iron deficiency anemia

Strongyloides stercoralis

Intestinal Nematodes (helminths) Threadworm EGGS NOT used as diagnostic. Uses stool or sputum cutaneous larval migrans skin lesions, itching at site of penetration pneumonitis

Filariae

Tissue Nematodes (helminths) use blood/tissue (giemsa stain) may or may not be sheathed No sheath: Onchocerca volvulus Sheath: Loa Loa

Intestinal Cestodes

use stool Taenia, Hymenolepis, Diphyllobothrium

Taenia species

causes eosinophilia causes taeniasis through ingesting raw/undercooked beef/pork Cysticercosis: T. solium invades blood. symptoms varry by site of infection

Hymenolepis diminuta

RAT/tapeworm disease

Hymenolepis nana

Hymenolepiasis Dwarf tapeworm disease

Diphyllobothrium lactum

Fish tapeworm infections Diphyllobotheriasis Vitamin B12 (pernicious anemia)

Fasciolosis/Fasciola

Trematode (Helminth) Uses Stool F. hepatica: liver rot

Clonorchis sinensis

Trematode (Helminth) Endemic in japan, china, taiwan "chinese liver fluke"

Paragonimus westermani

Trematode (Helminth) lung fluke paragonimiasis/ pulmonary distomiasis blood in sputum found in sputum/stool

Schistosoma species

Trematodes (Helminth) S. mansoni: Manson's blood fluke. Stool. found in veins of intestinal tract S. japonicum: Stool. found in veins of intestinal tract S. haematobium: bladder fluke. Urie Ova