Parasitology: Diseases Flashcards
Malaria
Plasmodium species
from tropic and subtropic areas
Vector: Mosquito
Uses blood smears to identify
Blood smears
Thick film: Screening for parasites
Thin Film: differentiation of species. Count # of infected cells to determine load
Plasmodium vivax
Sporozoa
Causes benign tertian malaria
chronic infections can lead to brain, liver, and kidney damage
Plasmodium malaria
Sporozoa
Quartan malaria
spontaneous recovery, repeated attacks for 20yrs.
Nephrotic syndrome
Plasmodium falciparum
Sporozoa
Tends to have highest parasite load
asynchronous life cycle w/ rbc rupture.
MOST SEVERE/COMMON in US
“black water fever”: repeated infections
Babesia species
Sporozoa
humans are accidental hosts
New England, Wisconsin, and Connecticut are known areas of infection
Hemolytic anemia
majority of cases are self limiting
DEER TICK vector
Intestinal sporozoa
Stool Sample
subclass is coccidia
Isospora belli
Cryptosporidium parvum
Cyclospora cayetanensis
Isospora belli
Intestinal sporozoa
fecal oral route of spreading
infection can be severe in immunocompromised patients
mild diarrhea to dysentery
Cryptosporidium parvum
Intestinal sporozoa
modified acid fast used to diagnose
fecal-oral
self-limiting diarrhea
can cause dysentery in immunocompromised. can be fatal!
Cyclospora cayetanensis
Intestinal sporozoa
human to human transmission only
self-limiting diarrhea
diagnosed using acid-fast
Toxoplasma gondii
Tissue sporozoa
infects almost all animals and birds
diagnose using immunoassay methods
CATS are host
disease mimics mono
organism can cross placenta
immunocompromised patients: encephalitis, myocarditis, hepatitis
Intestinal amoeba
compare wet preps with fixed smears to confirm
Entamoeba histolytica
Intestinal amoeba
causes intestinal ulcerations
amebic dysentery
Entamoeba hartmanni
Intestinal amoeba
commensal and non-pathogenic
Entamoeba coli
Intestinal amoeba
Commensal, non-pathogenic. Is a sign to watch out for other parasites
Endolimax nana
Intestinal amoeba
commensal, non-pathogenic
Iodamoeba butschlii
Intestinal amoeba
commensal, non-pathogenic
Blastocystis hominis
Intestinal amoeba
may cause gastrointestinal disease, but unclear.
causes disease in AIDs patients
one of most common parasites
causes diarhae
Extraintestinal amoeba
not found in stool (CSF, brain tissue, corneal scraping, contact lens)
Naegleria fowleri
Extraintestinal amoeba
PRIMARY AMEBIC MENINGOENCEPHALITIS
USE CSF
Acanthamoeba
Extraintestinal amoeba
granulomatous amebic meningitis
also causes acanthamoeba keratitis (from contact lens)
Uses CSF
corneal scrapings for kerititis
Giardia lamblia
Intestinal flagellates
traveler’s diarrhea
malabsorption syndrome due to damage of intestinal damage caused by suckers
Beavers are reservoir host
Chilomastix mesnili
Intestinal flagellates
commensal, non-pathogenic
Dientamoeba fragilis
Intestinal flagellates
controversial: may be symptomatic, may have diarrhea
Trichomonas hominis
Intestinal flagellates
Commensal, non-pathogenic
Trichomonas vaginalis
Intestinal flagellates
causes STI
causes urethritis and vaginitis
examine urine, vaginal discharge, urethral discharge, or prostatic secretions
molecular diagnostics available for female patients
Leishmania
hemoflagellates
vector is sand fly
diagnose using amastigotes in tissue, secretions, or skin scrapings
Leishmania donovani
hemoflagellates
causes kala-Azar (visceral leishmaniasis)
nondescript abdominal illness
patients usually have anemia. death in 2yrs if left untreated
Leishmania brazilienis
hemoflagellates
causes espundia
Leishmania tropica
hemoflagellates
causes oriental sore
(pus-filled, self healing wound)
Trypansoma
hemoflagellates
find trypomastigotes in blood, lymph, and csf
T. Cruzi has C or U shape, can cross placenta causing congenital infections
T. brusi: African sleeping sickness
Balantidium coli
Intestinal ciliate
causes balantidiasis
Can resemble amoebic dysentery
Enterobius vermicularis
Intestinal Nematodes (helminths)
Most common is US
person-person. humans are only known host
“Scotch tape” method of collection
causes enterobiasis
itchy bum
Trichuris trichiura
Intestinal Nematodes (helminths)
whipworm
causes dysentery and severe anemia
Ascaris lumbricoides
Intestinal Nematodes (helminths)
most common helminth infection worldwide
CAN USE STOOL OR SPUTUM SAMPLE
“round worm”
abdominal pain, eosinophilia, pneumonia
Hookworm
Intestinal Nematodes (helminths)
necator americanus
ancylostoma duodenale
can get from walking barefoot on sand/soil
Can cause iron deficiency anemia
Strongyloides stercoralis
Intestinal Nematodes (helminths)
Threadworm
EGGS NOT used as diagnostic.
Uses stool or sputum
cutaneous larval migrans
skin lesions, itching at site of penetration
pneumonitis
Filariae
Tissue Nematodes (helminths)
use blood/tissue (giemsa stain)
may or may not be sheathed
No sheath: Onchocerca volvulus
Sheath: Loa Loa
Intestinal Cestodes
use stool
Taenia, Hymenolepis, Diphyllobothrium
Taenia species
causes eosinophilia
causes taeniasis through ingesting raw/undercooked beef/pork
Cysticercosis: T. solium invades blood. symptoms varry by site of infection
Hymenolepis diminuta
RAT/tapeworm disease
Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepiasis
Dwarf tapeworm disease
Diphyllobothrium lactum
Fish tapeworm infections
Diphyllobotheriasis
Vitamin B12 (pernicious anemia)
Fasciolosis/Fasciola
Trematode (Helminth)
Uses Stool
F. hepatica: liver rot
Clonorchis sinensis
Trematode (Helminth)
Endemic in japan, china, taiwan
“chinese liver fluke”
Paragonimus westermani
Trematode (Helminth)
lung fluke
paragonimiasis/ pulmonary distomiasis
blood in sputum
found in sputum/stool
Schistosoma species
Trematodes (Helminth)
S. mansoni: Manson’s blood fluke. Stool. found in veins of intestinal tract
S. japonicum: Stool. found in veins of intestinal tract
S. haematobium: bladder fluke. Urie Ova
