PARASITOLOGY - CESTODES Flashcards
1
Q
Cestodes are also known as?
A
Tapeworms
2
Q
General appearance of Cestodes?
A
Flat, Ribbon-like
3
Q
Color of Cestodes
A
White, yellowish
4
Q
T or F: Cestodes are Dioecious.
A
False (Cestodes are monoecious)
5
Q
T or F: Cestodes have a well-developed reproductive organs
A
True
6
Q
Part of Cestodes that serves as its means for acquiring nutrients. This is defined as an outer covering which serves as entry of food and nutrients and exit of wastes.
A
Tegument
7
Q
Habitat of Adult Cestodes?
A
Small intestine of their final host
8
Q
Habitat of Larva Cestodes?
A
Tissues of their intermediate host
9
Q
MOT of Cestodes
A
Ingestion or Oral route
10
Q
T or F: All Cestodes are heteroxenous, meaning they require more than 1 host.
A
True
11
Q
The only sp. of Cestodes that can be both heteroxenous and monoxenous. If this sp. is monoxenous, it requires 1 host only, usually the final host.
A
Hymenolepis nana
12
Q
T or F: Eggs of Cestodes are operculated and mature/embryonated.
A
False. The eggs of Cestodes are NON-OPERCULATED and mature.
13
Q
The only sp. of Cestodes with an egg that is not non-operculated and mature.
A
Diphyllobothrium latum
14
Q
Life cycle of Cestodes?
A
Egg to Larva to Adult
15
Q
What are the 3 parts of an Adult Cestodes?
A
Scolex/Head
Neck
Proglottids/Segments
16
Q
Attachment organ of Cestodes; This part of Cestodes attach to the linings of the small intestines using 4 cup-like suckers/grooves/acetabulum
A
Scolex/Head
17
Q
Shape of Scolex/Head of Cestodes
A
Globular
Pyriform
Spoon-like
18
Q
Shape/s of Scolex/Head that may have Rostellum?
A
Globular
Pyriform
19
Q
Shape/s of Scolex/Head that will never have Rostellum?
A
Spoon-like
20
Q
4-cup like suckers/grooves/acetabulum of cestodes are also called as?
A
Quadrate
21
Q
Fleshy extension of scolex or the crown area of scolex is called?
A
Rostellum
22
Q
Rostellum may be?
A
Armed or Unarmed
23
Q
Rostellum with hooklets/hooks are called?
A
Armed
24
Q
Rostellum without hooklets/hooks are called?
A
Unarmed
25
Enumerate the spp. with armed rostellum.
Clue: 4 spp.
Taenia solium
Hymenolepis nana
Diphyllobothrium latum
Echinococcus granulosus
26
Enumerate the spp. with unarmed rostellum.
Clue: 2 spp.
Taenia saginata
Hymenolepis diminuta
27
Sp. of cestodes with NO rostellum is?
Taenia saginata
28
Sp. of cestodes with rostellum but NO hooks is?
Hymenolepis diminuta
29
This part of cestodes consists of germinative tissues; it is known as the REGION OF GROWTH of cestodes
Neck
30
Part of the cestodes also known as "The Budding Zone"
Neck
31
Part of the cestodes that may be shed and passed out in stool
Proglottids/Segments
32
This is the ability of segments to detach from the chain
Apolysis
33
T or F: Proglottids/segments can be immature, mature, or gravid/ripe.
True
34
Segments nearest to the neck is known as?
Immature segments
35
Segment where there is a development of reproductive structure is known as?
Mature segments
36
Each mature segments contains?
1 testis
2 ovaries
1 genital pore
37
A cestode sp. with a 3rd ovary is?
Taenia solium
38
The 3rd ovary of Taenia solium is called?
Accessory ovarian lobe
39
A cestode sp. with 2 genital pore is?
Diphyllobothrium latum
40
The 2 genital pore of Diphyllobothrium latum located bilaterally is called?
Bilateral genital pore
41
Segment of cestodes filled with eggs and has a much-developed reproductive structures
Gravid/Ripe
42
Chain f proglottids/segments is called?
Strobila
43
T or F: All cestodes are APOLYTIC which means they are capable of segment shedding.
True
44
The only cestode that is NOT APOLYTIC since its segments are impossible to recover as they are ANAPOLYTIC.
Diphyllobothrium latum
45
What are the 2 groups of Cestodes?
Pseudophyllidean
Cyclophyllidean
46
False tapeworms
Pseudophyllidean
47
True tapeworms
Cyclophyllidean
48
Enumerate the spp. under Pseudophyllidean.
Diphyllobothrium latum
Spirometra
49
Enumerate the spp. under Cyclophyllidean.
Taenia solium
Taenia saginata
Dipylidium caninum
Hymenolepis nana
Echinococcus granulosus
50
Group of cestode with a spoon-shaped, spatula, almond shaped scolex, a scolex with bothria (sucking grooves), and a scolex with no hooklets
Pseudophyllidean
51
Group of cestode with a globular or pyriform shape scolex, a scolex with quadrate (four cuplike suckers), and some scolex with rostellum (with or without hooklets)
Cyclophyllidean
52
Group of cestode with an anapolytic strobila
Pseudophyllidean
53
Group of cestode with an apolytic strobila
Cyclophyllidean
54
Group of cestode with a segment that have UTERINE pore and GENITAL pore which are both CENTRALLY located
Pseudophyllidean
55
Group of cestode with segment that have ONLY GENITAL pore which is LATERALLY located
Cyclophyllidean
56
Group of cestode that have a gravid proglottid where ALL REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES are seen
Pseudophyllidean
57
Group of cestode that have a gravid proglottid where ONLY UTERUS can be seen in different shapes/pattern
Cyclophyllidean
58
Group of cestodes with an OVAL, OPERCULATED, IMMATURE ova
Pseudophyllidean
59
Group of cestodes with a HEXACANTH EMBRYO/ONCOSPHERE ova; SPHERICAL, NON-OPERCULATED, EMBRYONATED ova with hooklets
Cyclophyllidean
60
What are the larval stages of Pseudophyllidean cestodes?
1st: Coracidium
2nd: Procercoid
3rd: Plerocercoid/Sparganum
61
What are the larval stages of Cyclophyllidean cestodes?
1st: Cysticercus
2nd: Cysticercoid
3rd: Hydatid
62
Group of cestodes with 2 intermediate hosts?
Pseudophyllidean
63
Group of cestodes with none to 1 intermediate host?
Cyclophyllidean
64
What are the 2 intermediate hosts of Pseudophyllidean?
1st: Crustaceans (Copepods, Cyclops)
2nd: Fresh water fishes
65
Cestode sp. under Cyclophyllidean that has 1 definitive/final host if it has no intermediate host?
Hymenolepis nana
66
T or F: All cestodes, may it be pseudophyllidean or cyclophyllidean, require only 1 final host.
True
67
From what order is Diphyllobothrium latum?
Order Pseudophyllidean
68
What are the 4 common name of Diphyllobothrium latum?
Broad Fish Tapeworm
Broad Tapeworm
Fish Tapeworm
Russian Broad Tapeworm
69
What is the new name of Diphyllobothrium latum?
Dibothriocephalus latus
70
What is the habitat of Diphyllobothrium latum?
Small intestine
71
What is the diagnostic stage of Diphyllobothrium latum?
Egg or Scolex
72
What is the infective stage of Diphyllobothrium latum?
Plerocercoid larva or Sparganum
73
What is the 1st intermediate host of Diphyllobothrium latum?
Copepods (Cyclops, Diaptomus)
74
What is the 2nd intermediate host of Diphyllobothrium latum?
Fresh water fish (small fishes) such as salmonoid fish
75
What is/are the MOT of Diphyllobothrium latum?
If Diphyllobothriasis, INGESTION OF 2ND INTERMEDIATE HOST infected with PLEROCERCOID
If Sparaganosis, INGESTION OF 1ST INTERMEDIATE HOST infected with PROCERCOID LARVA
76
What is the pathology of Diphyllobothrium latum?
Tapeworm Anemia or Bothriocephalus Anemia
77
A pathology of Diphyllobothrium latum that causes adult D. latum to take up large amount of Vit B12 resulting in MACROCYTIC, MEGALOBLASTIC anemia. This disease also demonstrates presence of megaloblastic cells in circulation and sometimes demonstrate PERNICIOUS ANEMIA.
Tapeworm Anemia or Bothriocephalus Anemia
78
Diphyllobothrium latum adult morphology in terms of length?
3-10 meters
79
Diphyllobothrium latum adult morphology in terms of scolex?
Spatulate/spoon/almond with 2 bothrium
80
Diphyllobothrium latum adult morphology in terms of uterus?
Rosette-like appearance
81
Diphyllobothrium latum adult morphology in terms of strobila?
Up to 4,000 proglottids and has both uterine pore and genital pore
82
Diphyllobothrium latum ova morphology?
UNembyonated, OPERCULATED, on one end with TERMINAL KNOB on the abopercular end + underdeveloped coracidium
83
Diphyllobothrium latum ova is mistaken with?
Paragonimus ova
84
Laboratory diagnosis for Diphyllobothrium latum?
Stool examination (Direct Fecal Smear and Kato technique)
Examination of Gastric Juice (measures free HCl)
85
Laboratory dx for Diphyllobothrium latum by stool examination using DFS or Kato technique specifically looks for?
Diphyllobothrium latum eggs or scolex (not scolex since D. latum is anapolytic)
86
Laboratory dx for Diphyllobothrium latum that DIFFERENTIATES DIPHYLLOBOTHRIASIS FROM PERNICIOUS ANEMIA?
Examination of Gastric Juice [Diphyllobothriasis is HCl (+) while Pernicious anemia is HCl (-)]
87
From what order is Taenia saginata?
Order Cyclophyllidean
88
What are the 2 common names of Taenia saginata?
Beef Tapeworm
Unarmed Tapeworm
89
What is the longest cestodes (can grow up to 25 meters in length)?
Taenia saginata
90
What is the habitat of Taenia saginata?
Small intestine
91
What are the 3 intermediate hosts of Taenia saginata?
Cattle
Cow
Camel
92
What is the definitive host of Taenia saginata?
Man
93
What is the larval stage of Taenia saginata found in the tissues?
Cysticercus bovis
94
What is the diagnostic stage of Taenia saginata?
Ova, Proglottids
95
What is the infective stage of Taenia saginata?
Cysticercus bovis
96
What is the MOT of Taenia saginata?
Ingestion of measly beef with infective larva (raw/improperly cooked)
97
What is the pathology of Taenia saginata?
Taeniasis saginata
98
A disease caused by infection with Taenia saginata that MAY LEAD TO INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION due to tangled proglottids.
Taeniasis saginata
99
Taenia saginata adult morphology in terms of scolex (shape, rostellum, hooklets)?
Shape: Globular, Quadrate
Rostellum: None
Hooklets: None
100
Taenia saginata adult morphology in terms of gravid proglottid?
With 8-12 LATERAL branches
Appears Dichotomous/tree-like
101
Adult Taenia saginata length?
5-10 meters (up to 25 meters)
102
Taenia saginata ova morphology: unembryonated or embryonated?
Embryonated
103
Taenia saginata ova morphology: shape?
Spherical
104
Taenia saginata ova morphology: radially striated with how many pairs of hooklets?
3 pairs
105
Taenia saginata ova morphology: motile or nonmotile?
Motile
106
T or F: Egg of Taenia spp. are distinguishable.
False. It is indistinguishable.
107
How do we report egg of Taenia spp.?
Report as Taenia spp. ova only (not specific if T. saginata or T. solium since they are indistinguishable)
108
From what order is Taenia solium?
Order Cyclophyllidean
109
What are the 2 common name of Taenia solium?
Pork Tapeworm
Armed Tapeworm
110
What is the habitat of Taenia solium?
Small intestine
111
What are the 2 intermediate host of Taenia solium?
Pigs
Man
112
What is the definitive host of Taenia solium?
Man
113
What is the larval stage of Taenia solium found in tissues?
Cysticercus cellulosae
114
What is the diagnostic stage of Taenia solium?
Ova, Proglottids
115
What is the infective stage of Taenia solium?
Cysticercus cellulosae and embryonated egg
116
What is the MOT of Taenia solium?
Ingestion of measly pork and/or embryonated egg (raw/improperly cooked pork)
117
What are the pathology of Taenia solium?
Taeniasis solium
Cysticercosis
Neurocysticercosis
118
Pathology of Taenia solium due to ADULT causing abdominal discomfort, hunger, and malabsorption?
Taeniasis solium
119
Pathology of Taenia solium due to LARVA?
Cysticercosis
120
The most serious manifestation of cysticercosis?
Neurocysticercosis
121
The most common CNS parasitic disease?
Neurocysticercosis
122
A sp. passed out in stool (segments) due to irritation with ALCOHOL INGESTION leading to apolysis and causing the segments to be activated making it infectious?
Taenia solium
123
Taenia solium adult morphology in terms of scolex (shape, rostellum, hooklets)?
Shape: Globular, Quadrate
Rostellum: Armed
Hooklets: 2 rows of large and small hooks
124
Taenia solium adult morphology in terms of gravid proglottid?
With 15-30 LATERAL branches
Appears Dendritic/Finger-like
125
What is the length of adult Taenia solium?
2-8 meters
126
Taenia solium ova morphology: embyonated or unembryonated?
Embryonated
127
Taenia solium ova morphology: shape?
Spherical
128
Taenia solium ova morphology: radially striated with how many pairs of hooklets?
6 pairs
129
Taenia solium ova morphology: motile or nonmotile?
Motile
130
What is the 3rd sp. of Taenia?
Taenia asiatica
131
What is the other name of Taenia asiatica?
Taenia saginata asiatica
132
What is the common name of Taenia asiatica?
Asian Taenia spp.
133
Taenia asiatica is previously termed as?
Taiwan taenia spp.
134
To what sp. does Taenia asiatica closely resembles?
Taenia saginata
135
What are the 5 intermediate host of Taenia asiatica?
Pigs
Cattle
Goats
Wild boar
Monkeys
136
What is the larval stage of Taenia asiatica?
Cysticercus viscerotropica
137
From what order is Hymenolepis nana?
Order Cyclophyllidean
138
What is the common name of Hymenolepis nana?
Dwarf Tapeworm
139
True Human Tapeworm?
Hymenolepis nana
140
The only cestode that can complete its life cycle in 1 host
Hymenolepis nana
141
The MOST COMMON CESTODE OF MAN
Hymenolepis nana
142
Smallest tapeworm?
Hymenolepis nana
143
Deadliest tapeworm?
Hymenolepis nana
144
What is the habitat of Hymenolepis nana?
Small intestine
145
T or F: Hymenolepis nana can have a direct/simple life cycle or indirect/complex life cycle or both.
True
146
T or F: In direct/simple life cycle of Hymenolepis nana, only 1 host is required which is usually the final host.
True
147
What is the final/definitive host of Hymenolepis nana in direct/simple life cycle?
Man
148
T or F: In indirect/complex life cycle of Hymenolepis nana, 2 or more hosts are required.
True
149
In indirect/complex life cycle of Hymenolepis nana, what are the 5 intermediate hosts?
Rice/flour beetles (Tribolium & Tenebrio spp.)
Dog flea (Ctenocephalides canis)
Human flea (Pulex irritans)
Rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopsis)
German cockroach (Blatella germanica)
150
What is the definitive host of Hymenolepis nana?
Man
151
What is the larval stage of Hymenolepis nana found in the tissues?
Cystercoid larva
152
What is the diagnostic stage of Hymenolepis nana?
Ova, Proglottids
153
What is the infective stage of Hymenolepis nana in Direct/Simple life cycle?
Embryonated egg
154
What is the infective stage of Hymenolepis nana Indirect/Complex life cycle?
Cystercoid larva
155
What is the MOT of Hymenolepis nana?
Ingestion of Cystercoid larva or embryonated egg
156
Hymenolepis nana adult morphology in terms of scolex (shape, rostellum, hooklets)?
Shape: Subglobular, Quadrate
Rostellum: Armed, Retractable
Hooklets: Single row of 20-30 Y-SHAPED
157
Hymenolepis nana adult morphology in terms of gravid proglottid?
Sac-like (saccular) uterus filled with eggs
CRASPEDOTE FORM (overlapping)
158
What is the length of adult Hymenolepis nana?
1-4 cm
159
Hymenolepis nana ova morphology: how many pairs of hooklets?
3 pairs (hexacanth embryo)
160
Hymenolepis nana ova morphology: POLAR THICKENING, present or absent? If present, how many pairs?
Present (2 pairs)
161
Hymenolepis nana ova morphology: POLAR FILAMENTS, present or absent? If present, how many?
Present, 4-8 polar filaments
162
Hymenolepis nana ova morphology: EMBRYOPHORE, present or absent? If present, what color?
Present, Colorless
163
From what order is Hymenolepis diminuta?
Order Cyclophyllidean
164
What is the common name of Hymenolepis diminuta?
Rat Tapeworm
165
What is the habitat of Hymenolepis diminuta?
Small intestine
166
What is the intermediate host of Hymenolepis diminuta?
Arthropods (Grain beetle, flea, cockroach, mealworms, earwigs, myriapods, lepidopterans)
167
What are the definitive host of Hymenolepis diminuta?
Rat
Man (Accidental host)
168
What is the larval stage of Hymenolepis diminuta found in tissues?
Cystercoid larva
169
What is the MOT of Hymenolepis diminuta?
Ingestion of Cystercoid larva
170
T or F: Infection with Hymenolepis diminuta is ASYMPTOMATIC at light infection and is usually presented with diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pains, and anorexia.
True
171
Hymenolepis diminuta adult morphology in terms of scolex (shape, rostellum, hooklets)?
Shape: Globular, Quadrate
Rostellum: Unarmed
Hooklets: --
172
Hymenolepis diminuta adult morphology in terms of gravid proglottid?
Sac-like (saccular) uterus filled with eggs
CRASPEDOTE FORM (overlapping)
173
What is the length of adult Hymenolepis diminuta?
20-60 cm
174
Hymenolepis diminuta ova morphology: how many pairs of hooklets?
3 pairs (hexacanth embryo)
175
Hymenolepis diminuta ova morphology: POLAR THICKENING, present or absent? If present how many?
Present, can be 1 polar
176
Hymenolepis diminuta ova morphology: POLAR FILAMENTS, present or absent? If present, how many?
Absent, intralaminal/intraluminal layer only giving FRIED EGG APPEARANCE OR SUNNY SIDE UP APPEARANCE
177
A sp. with an ova that gives a fried egg appearance or sunny side up appearance?
Hymenolepis diminuta
178
Hymenolepis diminuta ova morphology: EMBRYOPHORE, present or absent? If present, what color?
Present, Colorless
179
What are the laboratory diagnosis for T. saginata, T. solium. H. nana, and H. diminuta?
Stool exam (DFS, Concentration techniques) and Double Slide Compression Method
180
In the laboratory diagnosis of T. saginata, T. solium. H. nana, and H. diminuta using DFS and Concentration techniques, what do we look for?
Eggs, Proglottids, Scolex
181
In the laboratory diagnosis of T. saginata, T. solium. H. nana, and H. diminuta using Double Slide Compression Method, what is the sample used?
Gravid proglottids passed out in stool
182
In the laboratory diagnosis of T. saginata, T. solium. H. nana, and H. diminuta using Double Slide Compression Method, what is being demonstrated?
Lateral branches (uterus) in the proglottids
183
The stain being injected through genital pore to visualize the lateral branches (uterus) in the proglottids of Taenia spp. in Double Slide Compression Method?
India Ink
184
A laboratory method for diagnosis of Taenia spp. only (in cestodes) and E. vermicularis (in nematodes).
Perianal swab
185
From what order is Dipylidium caninum?
Order Cyclophyllidean
186
What are the 5 common name of Dipylidium caninum?
Dog Tapeworm
Double-pored Tapeworm
Flea Tapeworm
Cucumber Tapeworm
Pumpkin seed Tapeworm
187
What is the final host of Dog Tapeworm?
Dog
188
Dipylidium caninum is also known as Double-pored Tapeworm because of?
2 genital pore bilaterally located
189
What are the shapes of Dipylidium caninum segments when passed out in stool?
Cucumber (seed) and Pumpkin seed
190
What is the habitat of Dipylidium caninum?
Small intestine
191
What are the 4 intermediate host of Dipylidium caninum?
Dog louse - Trichodectes canis
Dog flea - Ctenocephalides canis
Cat flea - Ctenocephalides felis
Human flea - Pulex irritans
192
What are the definitive host of Dipylidium caninum?
Dog
MAN (Accidental final host)
193
What is the larval stage of Dipylidium caninum?
Cystercoid
194
What is the infective stage of Dipylidium caninum?
Cystercoid
195
What are the diagnostic stage of Dipylidium caninum?
Ova, Scolex, Proglottid
196
What is the MOT of Dipylidium caninum?
Ingestion of infected flea
197
Discuss the pathology of Dipylidium caninum infection.
ASYMPTOMATIC at light infection and is usually presented with appetite loss, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, and indigestion
198
Dipylidium caninum adult morphology in terms of scolex (shape, rostellum, hooklets)?
Shape: Globular, Quadrate
Rostellum: Armed, CLUB-SHAPED
Hooklets: 1-7 rows, ROSETHORN-SHAPED HOOKS
199
Dipylidium caninum adult morphology in terms of gravid proglottid?
With BILATERAL GENITAL PORE
MELON/PUMPKIN-SHAPED, RICE GRAIN
200
What is the length of adult Dipylidium caninum?
10-70 meters
201
Dipylidium caninum ova morphology?
Egg resembles that of Taenia ova and MULTIPLE OVA ARE ENCLOSED IN AN EGG CAPSULE OR PACKETS (5-25 ova)
202
What sp. has the largest egg of all cestodes?
Dipylidium caninum
203
What is the laboratory method used to diagnose Dipylidium caninum infection?
Stool examination (look for ova, scolex, proglottids)
204
From what order is Echinococcus granulosus?
Order Cyclophyllidean
205
What is the common name of Echinococcus granulosus?
Hydatid Worm
206
What is the old name of Echinococcus granulosus?
Taenia granulosus
207
What is the habitat of ADULT Echinococcus granulosus?
Small intestine
208
What is the habitat of LARVA Echinococcus granulosus?
Connective tissues
209
What are the 6 intermediate host of Echinococcus granulosus?
Sheep
Ox
Goat
Horse
Camel
Man (harbors the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus)
210
What is the definitive host of Echinococcus granulosus?
Dog (Canines)
211
What is the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus?
Hydatid cyst
212
What is the infective stage of Echinococcus granulosus to final host (dog)?
Hydatid cyst
213
What is the infective stage of Echinococcus granulosus to intermediate host (including man)?
Embryonated ova
214
What is the MOT of Echinococcus granulosus?
Ingestion of egg
215
What is the pathology of Echinococcus granulosus where a hydatid cyst in CT is present?
Hydatidosis or Hydatid disease or Cystic Echinococcosis
216
A slow-growing, fluid-filled, tumor-like and space occupying lesions which may cause anaphylactic show and even death if ruptured.
Hydatid cyst
217
Echinococcus granulosus adult morphology in terms of scolex (shape, rostellum, hooklets)?
Shape: PYRIFORM
Rostellum: Prominently armed
Hooklets: 30-36 prominent hooks
218
Echinococcus granulosus adult morphology in terms of strobila?
Only has 3 segments (1 mature, 1 immature, 1 gravid) making Echinococcus granulosus the SHORTEST TAPEWORM
219
Echinococcus granulosus adult morphology in terms of gravid proglottid?
With midline, loosely-twisted uterus
WIDEST AND LONGEST PROGLOTTID
220
What is the adult length of Echinococcus granulosus?
3-8 meters
221
Echinococcus granulosus ova morphology?
Similar with Taenia egg but NEVER RECOVERED IN STOOL AS MAN HARBORS ASEXUAL STAGE
222
What are the 4 laboratory methods for the diagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus infection?
Roentgenogram (X-ray)
Ultrasonography (Ultrasound)
Immunologic test (Bentonite Floccation Test and Cansoni Intradermal Test)
Exploratory Cyst Puncture (Puncture, Aspirate, Inject protoscolicidal agent, Reaspirate)
223
What are the 2 immunologic test for the diagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus infection?
Bentonite Floccation test
Casoni Intradermal test
224
What is done in Exploratory Cyst Puncture for the diagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus infection?
Puncture
Aspirate
Inject protoscolicidal agent
Reaspirate
