PARASITOLOGY BOARD EXAM (PART 2) Flashcards
Best stain for the trophozoite
QUENSEL’S IODINE
Treatment of choice for invasive amoebiasis
METRONIDAZOLE
Drug of choice for asymptomatic cyst passers
DILOXANIDE FUROATE
a type of dysentery which has:
- acute onset
- vomiting common
- odorless stool
- w/out charcot-Leyden crystals
BACILLARY DYSENTERY
a type of dysentery which has:
- Gradual dysentery
- no vomitting
- fishy odor stool
- w/ Charcot-Leyden crystals
AMOEBIC DYSENTERY
E. histolystica has a __ that can attach to the __ on the surface of the epithelial cells in the intestines
LECTIN; N-ACETYLGALACTOSAMINE SUGARS
no. of nucleus E. histolystica (cyst)
4
no. of nucleus E. coli (cyst)
8
Chromatoidal Bars of E. histolystica (cyst)
SAUSAGE SHAPED/ROD CIGAR SHAPED
Chromatoidal Bars of E. coli (cyst)
WITCH BROOM STICK SPLINTERED/ NEEDLE LIKE ENDS
Movement of E. histolystica (trophozoite)
PROGRESSIVE AND DIRECTIONAL
Movement of E. coli (trophozoite)
SLUGGISH MOVEMENT
Shape of pseudopodia (E. histolystica)
FINGERLIKE
Shape of pseudopodia (E. coli)
BLUNT
Nucleus (karyosome) of E. histolytica
CENTRAL
Nucleus (karyosome) of E. coli
ECCENTRIC/PERIPHERAL
Cytoplasm E. histolytica
CLEAR
Cytoplasm E. coli
DIRTY
- Small-race E. histolytica
- Only clear cut distinction is size
- No RBCs in the cytoplasm
ENTAMOEBA HARTMANNI
Size of E. hartmanii (troph)
12 um
Size of E. hartmanii (cyst)
10 um
- Found in Intestines of pigs and monkeys
- cyst with SINGLE nucleus
ENTAMOEBA POLECKI
- kissing amoeba
- associated with gum inf’xn
- aquired thru sharing utensils and kissing
ENTAMOEBA GINGIVALIS
Troph of E. gingivalis: karyosome:
small and centrally-located
- cross eyed cyst
- large, irregular blot-like karyosome
- no peripheral chromatin
- SMALLEST AMOEBA
ENDOLIMAX NANA
describe Iodamoeba butchlii (troph)
ACHROMATIC GRANULES
describe Iodamoeba butchlii (cyst)
GLYCOGEN GRANULES
- causative agent of PRIMARY AMOEBIC MENINGITIS
- aquired when swimming during hot weather in BRACKISH/FRESHWATER
NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
it is blunt pseudopodia, trophozoite form, found in CSF and tissue
AMOEBOID
pear-shaped w/ 2 anterior flagella, swimming form, found CSF
FLAGELLATE
Treatment of NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
- Amphotericin B
- Clotrimazole
- Azithromycin
-causative agent of GRANULOMATUS AMOEBIC ENCEPHALITIS
ACANTHAMOEBA SPP.
contaminated contact lens solution presents with ___
KERATITIS
describe Acanthamoeba (troph)
SPINY FILAMENTS FOR LOCOMOTION
describe Acanthamoeba (cyst)
DOUBLE WALLED WRINKLED CYST
- largest protozoan affecting human
- only significant ciliate
BALANTIDIUM COLI
Reservoir host of Balantidium coli
PIGS
BALANTIDIUM COLI (troph) -kidney-shaped, vegetative
MACRONUCLEUS
BALANTIDIUM COLI (troph) -dot-like, reproductive
MICRONUCLEUS
clinical manifestation of B. coli
- Wine glass ulceration (round base and round neck)
- asymptomatic carriers
culture media of Acanthamoeba spp.
PYGC Medium (Potato-Yeast Glucose Culture)
treatment of Acanthamoeba spp.
SULFAMETHOXAZOLE-TRIMETHOPHRIM
mode of transmission of B. coli
INGESTION OF CYSTS (SWINE FECES)
characteristics motility of B. coli
THROWN BALL/ROLLING BALL
- associated with gay bowel syndrome
- only protozoan intestinal flagellate (lives in the SI of humans
GIARGIA DUODENALIS/LAMBLIA
only protozoa w/ a SUCKING DISK for attachment
GIARGIA DUODENALIS/LAMBLIA
motility of G. lamblia
falling leaf, kite-like, jerky
appearance of G. lamblia
old man w/ eyeglasses or smiling face
_ pairs of flagella and _____
4; Axostyle
shaped of G. lamblia
Pear-shaped/ teardrop shaped
characteristics of G. lamblia (cysts)
Flagella retracted to axonemes
pH attachment of G. lamblia
3 to 8
passage of greasy, frothy stool that floats on toilet water
Steatorrhea
The malabsorption of G. lamblia
Leningrad’s curse
motility of Chilomastix mesnili
spiral boring, forward movement
best stain for C. mesnili
Iron hematoxylin
closely related to Trichomonas spp.
Dientamoeba fragilis
D. fragilis was obtained via transmission of ___ and ___
E. vermicularis and A. lumbricoides
clinical manifestation of D. fragilis
- Resembles Irretable Bowel Syndrome
- Colicky abdominal pain
- The only pathogenic Trichomonas
- Reproduce by longitudinal binary fission
- It is called PING-PONG dse
Trichomonas vaginalis
females common signs and symptoms of T. vaginalis
- vaginal discharge (irritation and itchiness)
- endotrimetritis
punctuate hemorrhages of cervix
Strawberry cervix
males common signs and symptoms of T. vaginalis
- mostly asymptomatic
- protastits
most common complication of males when having T. vaginalis
Protastitis
the quickiest and most inexpensive way of diagnosis for T. vaginalis
Wet preparation
the Gold standard and the culture media of T. vaginalis
Diamond’s modified medium
treatment and a drug of choice when pregnant
Metronidazole
habitat of T. vaginalis
Genetalia
size of T. vaginalis
largest
nucleus of T. vaginalis
ovoid
Inclusion bodies of T. vaginalis
siderophil granules
SOC of T. vaginalis (females)
urine or vaginal swab/discharge
SOC of T. vaginalis (males)
urethral discharge, prostatic secretions
habitat of T. tenax
oral cavity
size of T. tenax
smallest
nucleus of T. tenax
round
the trichomonads which there is no inclusion bodies
T. tenax and T. hominis
SOC of T. tenax
oral scrappings
habitat of T. hominis
Intestines
size of T. hominis
intermediate
nucleus of T. hominis
ovoid
SOC of T. hominis
Stool
may infect the blood, lymph nodes, muscles, reticuloendothelial system
Blood and tissue flagellates
a stages of development which is ovoid, devoid of flagellum
Amastigote or Leishmaniad
a stages of development which is elongate, kinetoplast anterior to nucleus, flagellum at anterior end of the body
Promastigote or Leptomonad
a stages of development which is elongated with juxtanuclear kinetoplast, short flagellum
Epimastigote or Crithidial
a stages of development which is postnuclear kinetoplast, long flagellum
Trypomastigote or trypanosomad
Stercorarian trypanosomes
Trypanosoma cruzi
salivarian trypanosomes
T. brucei gambiense and T. brucei baziliense
causative agent of chagas dse or America trypanosomiasis
Trypanosoma cruzi
characteristics shaped of T. cruzi
C-shaped
infective stage of T. cruzi
Trypomastigote
diagnostic stage of T. cruzi
Amastigote
habitat of T. cruzi
RES, cardiac muscle, CNS
vectors of T. cruzi
reduuvid bugs, kissing b ugs, assassin, diatomine bugs
vectors of T. cruzi where can be found in the Philippines
Triatoma rubrofasciata
diagnosis T. cruzi
- xenodiagnosis
- culture
culture media for T. cruzi
Weinmans medium or chang’s medium
the most common complications of T. cruzi
Megacolon
the vectors of the T. brucei gambiense and T. brucei rhodesiense
tse-tse fly (Glossina)
swelling of lymph nodes at the back of the neck or below the chin
Winterbottom signs
frequently infects CNS and more pathogenic among the trypasomes
Gambiense
diagnosis for T. brucei gambiense and T. brucei rhodesiense
CATT (Cart Agglutination Test for Trypasomiasis)
collection method if the px is at febrile stage
blood and lymph nodes
collection method if the px is at sleeping stage
CSF
the causative agent of
- Visceral leishmaniasis
- Dumdum fever
- Kala-azar dse/ Black dse
Leishmania donovani
vectors of the leishmania spp.
phlebotomus, lutzomyia
pathogenesis of Leishmania donovani
splenomegalyn and severe anemia
diagnosis for Leishmania donovani
- culture
- screening test (FORMOL GEL TEST)
culture media use for Leishmania donovani
NNN (NICOLE-NOVY-MCNEAL)
how to conduct the screening test of formol gel test to detect the positive result of the Leishmania donovani
1mL serum + 1 drop of formalin = (+) gel formation
causative agent of
- Old world cutaneous leishmania
- Delhi boils
- Pian Boils
- Uta sore
Leishmania tropica
- agent of New world cutaneous Leishmania
- chiclero ulcers
-Leishmania mexicana
pathongenesis of the Leishmania tropica
localized cutaneous infection (macule-papule)
Agent of
- new world mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
- Espundia
- wheeping lesions
Leishmania braziliensis
pathogenesis of Leishmania braziliensis
wheeping lesions
Diagnosis for the Leishmania braziliensis
Dr montenegro’s test
largest group of apicomplexan protozoans falling under class
Conoidasida
infective stage of the coccidians
Oocyst
produces Oocyst (Coccidians)
sexual cycle or SPOROGONY
Produces merozoites (Coccidians)
Asexual cycle or SCHIZOGANY
development of macro and micro gametocytes
Gametogony
its a self-limiting diarrhea
Cryptosporidium hominis
Oocyst of Cryptosporidium hominis are containing _ sporozoites (waterborne transmission)
4
diagnosis for Cryptosporidium hominis
- Sheathers-Sugar-Flotation
- Stool examination
- Kinyouns Acid Fast Staining
using Kinyouns Acid Fast Staining the Oocyst appears as
RED/PINK DONUTS IN A BLUE BACKGROUND
thought to be a member of cynobacteria due to showing PHOTOSYNTHESIZING ORGANELLES and AUTOFLORESCING PARTICLES
Cyclospora cayatenensis
Cyclospora cayatenensis originally called
Cyanobacterium Like Body (CLB)
clinical manifestation of Cyclospora cayatenensis
D-xylose malabsorption
Oocyst are autoflourescent and appear as ___ circles
Blue/Green
- causative agent of cytoisosporiasis
- maybe asymptomatic or may present as self -limiting gastroenteritis
Cytoisospora Belli
Diagnosis for Cytoisospora Belli
Zinc Floatation/ Sheathers Sugar or AFS
common cause of congenital infections
Toxoplasma Gondii
most common manifestation of Toxoplasma Gondii
Encephalitis
still birth and abortion may result when mothers acquire the infection during ___ trimester of pregnancy
1st-2nd
Definitive host of Toxoplasma Gondii
Cat: Sporogony
intermediate host of Toxoplasma Gondii
human: Schizogany
the inactive form of the Toxoplasma Gondii
Bradyzoites
the active form Toxoplasma Gondii
Tachyzoites
laboratory diagnosis of Toxoplasma Gondii
- methylene blue
- Sabin-Fieldman Dye (most common)
most common to isolate
Sarcocystis spp.
the simplest form of the sarcocycystis
Zoite
the definitive host of the Sarcocystis
Man
definitive diagnosis for Sarcocystis
sarcocysts in tissue specimen
confirmatory stain for Sarcocystis
PAS/ Acid Fast
leading parasitic dse that causes mortality worldwide
Malaria
clinical manifestation of plasmodium
- cold/hot paroxysm
- diaphoresis
- sever hemolysis
asexual cycle ( schizogany ) of the plasmodium
- HUMANS
- Formation of merozoites
sexual cycle (Sporogony) of the Plasmodium
- MOSQUITOS
- formation of sporozoites (IS)
principal vector of Plasmodium
Ano Minimus var Flavirostris
secondary vector of Plasmodium
- Litoralis
- Balabacenas
- mangyanus
- maculatus
Definitive host (Plasmodium)
Female anopheles mosquito- IS: Gametocytes
intermediate host (Plasmodium)
Man- Infective stage: sporozoites
these parasite reinvade the liver cells forming hypnozoites
P. vivax and P. ovale
merozoites of P. falciparum become ___ in the RBCs and modify the structural and antigenic properties of the cell
Trophozoites
mixed infection of the plasmodium
P. vivax and P. falciparum
Diagnosis for Plasmodium spp
- Thick and thin smear (giemsa and wright)
- Histidine-Rich Protein 2
- Parasite Lactase Dehydrogenase
obtain smears for px suspected Plasmodium spp. every _ and _
6 to 8 hrs
produced by P. falciparum (MALAquick)
Histidine-Rich Protein 2
distinguish between P. falciparum and non-P. falciparum (Optimal)
Parasite Lactase Dehydrogenase
- treatment for Plasmodium spp
- mainstay antimalarial treatment
Chloroquine
resistant to malaria
G6PD, Fy (a-b-), sickle cell dse
pigments in P. vivax
Schauffners
pigments in P. falciparum
Maurer’s
pigments in P. malariae
Ziemanns
pigments in P. ovale
James
of Merozoites in P. vivax
10-22
of Merozoites in P. falciparum
6-20
of Merozoites in P. malariae
4-8 (rosettes)
of Merozoites in P. ovale
8-12
shape of gametocytes (P. vivax)
Spherical
shape of gametocytes (P. falciparum)
Banana or Cresent
shape of gametocytes (P. malariae)
Spherical
shape of gametocytes (P. ovale)
Large oval
infected RBCs of (P. vivax)
enlarged
infected RBCs of (P. falciparum)
normal
infected RBCs of (P. malariae)
normal/small
infected RBCs of (P. ovale)
- irregular edges
- enlarged
late trophozoite (P. vivax)
amoeboid/Irregular
late trophozoite (P. falciparum)
comma-shaped
late trophozoite (P. malariae)
band form
late trophozoite (P. ovale)
round
- MALTESE CROSS formation
- resembles P. falciparum rings
Babesia microti
Definitive host for Babesia microti
Deers
Accidental Host for Babesia microti
Human
mode of transmission (for Babesia microti)
nodes tick bite or blood tranfusion
causes “RED WATER FEVER” in cattle
Babesia bigemia
