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CLS 753 > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

For a wet mount, we scan at ___ objective and read and confirm at ___

A

10x

40x

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2
Q

For a stain slide, we scan at ___ objective and read and confirm at ___

A

10x

100x oil

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3
Q

Types of specimen samples (4). Which one is the most common?

A

Stool
Blood
Sputum
Duodenal

Stool

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4
Q

For a stool sample, we prepare these slides…

A

Wet mount

Stained smear

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5
Q

What does “O and P” stand for? A sample that says O and P can immediate be assumed to be this type of organism

A

Ova and parasites

Parasites

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6
Q

3 types of stains used to make a stained smear

A

Trichrome
Iron hematoxylin
Acid-fast

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7
Q

Blood is ONLY stained with…

A

Wright and Giemsa

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8
Q

Duodenal samples are stained with…

A

Trichrome

Iron hematoxylin

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9
Q

Causative agents of malaria (4)

A

Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium malariae

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10
Q

Plasmodium’s host are… Their intermediate (deadend) host are…

A

Anopheles mosquitoes

Humans

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11
Q

What does sporogony and schizogony mean for plasmodium reproduction? Where does each occur?

A

Sporogony = sexual reproduction, in Anopheles mosquitoes

Schizogony = asexual reproduction, in humans

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12
Q

The form of Plasmodium that is injected into humans from a bite is called… Is the form infective?

A

Sporozoite

No

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13
Q

Once inside a human host, sporozoites take up residences in… Differentiates into… Is this form infective?

A

Liver

Merozoites
-mature into schizont, which ruptures and release merozoites

Yes

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14
Q

What do exo-erythrocytic and erythrocytic cycles mean?

A

Exo-erythrocytic = happening inside liver cells

Erythrocytic = inside RBCs

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15
Q

Which species of Plasmodium attack young, old, and all types of RBCs? Which species is the most serious/fetal?

A

Ovale and vivax = young RBCs

Malariae = old RBCs

Falciparum = all

Falciparum is most serious

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16
Q

What are some common symptoms of malaria? What is periodicity?

A

Fever, chills, sweating, lethargy, low grade fever

How often symptoms are repeated

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17
Q

What is the periodicity of each Plasmodium species?

A

Ovale and vivax = 48 hrs

Malariae = 72 hrs

Falciparum = 36-48 hrs

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18
Q

These species of Plasmodium cause RBCs to become larger than normal size

A

Ovale and vivax

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19
Q

A key difference in RBC morphology between ovale and vivax is…

A

Ovale appear spiky/fimbriated, vivax does not

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20
Q

Briefly describe how the trophozoites look for each species of Plasmodium

A

Ovale = round and compact, unvacuolated, golden-brown pigment

Vivax = amoeboid with pseudopodia, vacuoles, golden-brown pigment

Malariae = band across RBC, dark pigment

Falciparum = multiple rings, “headphones”

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21
Q

The species of Plasmodium that has a gametocyte form that looks like a banana or crescent moon is…

A

Falciparum

  • RBC hemoglobin is gone, makes RBC look transparent
  • aka Laveran’s bib
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22
Q

A recent Plasmodium species is called…

A

Plasmodium knowlesi

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23
Q

2 classical types of slide preparations for malaria diagnosis

A

Thick blood film - screening for RBC inclusions

Thin blood film - RBC morphology, parasite morphology

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24
Q

How does Plasmodium falciparum cause organ failure?

A

Infected RBCs develop receptors that cause them to stick together and get clogged in arteries/capillaries

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25
Q

Babesiosis - vector…

A

Ixodes dammini (tick)

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26
Q

Babesiosis - where does asexual reproduction happen? Where does sexual reproduction happen?

A

Human/mammal host

Tick

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27
Q

A Giemsa-stained blood smear for babesiosis shows this in RBCs… Another name for it…

A

Tetrads

Maltese cross
-overlapping ring formation

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28
Q

How can we distinguish babesiosis from P. falciparum (2)?

A

Maltese cross

No pigmentation/stippling in RBCs

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29
Q

Causative agents of babesiosis (3)

A 
Babesia microti (rodents)
Babesia gibsoni (canines)
Babesia bovis (cattle)

-mnemonic: Mel Gibson’s bovine

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30
Q

Causative agents of leishmaniasis (3). They are grouped into this category of blood pathogens

A

Leishmania donovani
Leishmania tropica
Leishmania braziliensis

Hemoflagellates

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31
Q

The only hemoflagellate form without a flagella

A

Amastigote

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32
Q

Which form of leishmania do we usually see in the blood? Which form of leishmania do we usually see in tissue?

A

Trypomastigote

Amastigote

33
Q

L. donovani - common names. What does it cause?

A

Kala-Azar (black fever) or dum dum fever

Visceral leishmaniasis

34
Q

L. donovani - vector. What do they infect?

A

Phlebotomus sandfly

Reticuloendothelial cells

35
Q

L. donovani - which tissue or cells should we sample (3)?

A

Macrophages
Bone marrow
Tissue biopsy

-Giemsa-stained

36
Q

For all 3 leishmaniasis species - what is the infective form? What is the diagnostic form?

A

Promastigote

Amastigote

37
Q

L. tropica - common names. What does it cause?

A

Old World leishmaniasis, Oriental sore, Baghdad or Delhi boil

Cutaneous leishmaniasis

38
Q

L. tropica - vector. What do they infect?

A

Phlebotomus sandfly

Skin lymphoid tissue

39
Q

L. tropica - what sample should we take for diagnosis?

A

Fluid underneath ulcer bed

-Giemsa-stain

40
Q

L. braziliensis - common names. What does it cause?

A

American leishmaniasis

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

41
Q

L. braziliensis - vector. What do they infect?

A

Lutzomyia & Psychodopygus sandfly

Reticuloendothelial cells

42
Q

L. braziliensis - what sample should we take for diagnosis?

A

Ulcer biopsy

-Giemsa-stain

43
Q

Causative agents of trypanosomiasis (3). They are grouped into this category of blood pathogens

A

Trypanosoma gambiense
Trypanosoma rhodesiense
Trypanosoma cruzi

Hemoflagellates

44
Q

T. gambiense - common names

A

West African sleeping sickness

45
Q

T. gambiense - vector. What do they infect (2)?

A

Tsetse fly

Lymphatic system
CNS

46
Q

Trypanosoma - infective form. Diagnostic form

A

Trypomastigote

Trypomastigote

47
Q

T. gambiense - what sample should we take for diagnosis (2)?

A

Lymph node aspirate
CSF
-Giemsa-stain

48
Q

T. rhodesiense - common names

A

East African sleeping sickness

-more rapid than gambiense, fatal earlier

49
Q

T. rhodesiense - vector. What do they infect (2)?

A

Glossina tsetse fly

Lymphatic system
CNS

50
Q

T. rhodesiense - what sample should we take for diagnosis (2)?

A

Lymph node aspirate
CSF
-Giemsa-stain

51
Q

T. cruzi - common names

A

Chagas’ disease

52
Q

T. cruzi - vector. What do they infect?

A 
Reduviid bug (kissing or triatomid bug)
-parasite actually in feces. Person scratches due to bite, allowing parasite to enter body

Multiple tissues - heart, brain, liver, eye

53
Q

T. cruzi - what sample should we take for diagnosis?

A

Specimen of choice

-Giemsa-stain

54
Q

Filariasis is caused by this group of worms. What’s another name for them?

A

Nematodes

Roundworms

55
Q

What are the 2 forms for nematodes?

A

Microfilariae (larval form)

Adult worm

56
Q

Filariasis - infective form? Diagnostic form?

A

Microfilariae

Microfilariae

57
Q

Features of nematodes under the microscope (3)

A

Threadlike fibers

Multiple internal nuclei

Sheath/flaps on ends

58
Q

Causative agents of filariasis (4)

A

Brugia malayi

Onchocerca volvulus

Wuchereria bancrofti

Loa loa

-mnemonic = “bowl”

59
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti - causes this disease. Vector

A

Elephantiasis

Culex & Anopheles mosquitoes

60
Q

A good indication of a parasitic infection is when this WBC rises in numbers

A

Eosinophils (eosinophilia)

61
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti - periodicity. Tail nuclei presence….

A

Nocturnal

No nuclei around tail
-mnemonic: bancrofti is “bankrupt”

62
Q

Brugia malayi - resembles what other nematode? Tail nuclei presence….

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

  • elephantiasis
  • sheath, nocturnal
  • Culex/Anopheles mosquito vectors

2 nuclei at tip of tail

63
Q

Loa loa - causes this disease. Vector

A

Loiasis - African eye worm infection

Chrysops deerfly

64
Q

Loa loa - periodicity. What do they infect (2)?

A

Diurnal

Blood
Subcutaneous tissues

65
Q

Loa loa - tail nuclei presence….

A

Continuous row of nuclei in tail

-mnemonic: Loa loa has “line” of nuclei in tail

66
Q

Of the 4 important nematodes, this one does not possess a sheath

A

Onchocerca volvulus

67
Q

Onchocerca volvulus - causes this disease. Vector

A

River blindness

Simulium blackfly

68
Q

Onchocerca volvulus - what do they infect (3)?

A

Subcutaneous tissue

Skin

Eye

69
Q

Onchocerca volvulus - periodicity. Tail nuclei presence….

A

None

  • day or night
  • mnemonic: O. = zero

Row of nuclei in tail but not in the tip
-no sheath

70
Q

All nematodes can be diagnosed by… Except for ___, which uses…

A

Giemsa-stained blood smear for microfilariae

Onchocerca volvulus

Skin snip Giemsa smears

71
Q

Toxoplasmosis - caused by. Definitive host. Intermediate host

A

Toxoplasma gondii

Domestic cats

Humans

  • mice, cows, pigs
  • humans are dead end host
72
Q

Toxoplasma - what mode of reproduction? What do they infect (2)?

A

Both sexual and asexual

Lymphatic vessels
Blood

73
Q

Toxoplasma - modes of transmission (3)

A

Oral-fecal
-from cat feces

Contaminated meats

Transplacental (in utero)
-do TORCH test

74
Q

Toxoplasma - lab diagnosis

A

Serology (ELISA, IFA)

IgG antibodies

  • infected at some point
  • IgM = recent
75
Q

Lyme disease - caused by… Vector. Reservoirs

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

Ixodes dammini tick

Mice, deer

76
Q

Ioxdes dammini tick - how many forms does it have? Which form is infective?

A

Larval (6 legs)

Adult (8 legs) = infective

77
Q

How long does the Ixodes dammini tick need to penetrate the skin and cause Lyme disease?

A

36 hours

78
Q

Lyme disease - lab diagnosis

A

ELISA, IFA

Confirm with western blot, PCR

History

CLS 753 (12 decks)

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