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Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a parasite?

A

Lives in or on a host, deriving nutrients at its expense and giving nothing in return

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2
Q

Symbiosis

A

Living together, close, long-term interaction between two different species

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3
Q

Mutualism

A

An association where both species benefit from the interaction

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4
Q

Commensalism

A

An association where only the parasite is deriving benefit but the host is not harmed

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5
Q

Definitive host

A

Either harbours the adult stage of the parasite or where the parasite utilises the sexual method of reproduction

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6
Q

Reservoir host

A

Animal or species infected by a parasite which serves as a source of infection for other species

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7
Q

Intermediate host

A

Harbours the larval or asexual stages of the parasite - a parasite may have more than 1 intermediate hosts

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8
Q

Paratenic host

A

Host where the parasite remains viable without further development

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9
Q

Phylum protozoa

A

Flagellates
Amoeboids
Sporozoans
Trypanosomes

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10
Q

Platyhelminthes and phylum nemathelminthes

A 
Flat worms (flukes and tapeworms)
Roundworms
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11
Q

Phylum arthropoda

A

Ectoparasites (lice and mites)

Blood sucking arthropods (mosquitos)

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12
Q

Protozoa

A

Single-celled organism which can be free-living or parasitic in nature

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13
Q

Helminths

A

Large multi-cellular organisms. Adults generally visible by eye. Adults cannot multiply in humans

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14
Q

Ectoparasites

A

Broadly include blood-sucking and burrowing arthropods. Important transmitters of infection

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15
Q

How to approach parasites

A 
Distribution
Life cycles
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Control
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16
Q

Distribution

A

Where we find them

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17
Q

Life cycles

A

How they survive and breed

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18
Q

Clinical manifestations

A

How they affect the host

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19
Q

Diagnosis

A

How we identify them

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20
Q

Treatment

A

How we get rid of them

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21
Q

Control

A

How we prevent others from getting infected

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22
Q

Types of life cycle

A

Direct
Simple indirect
Complex indirect

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23
Q

Ascariasis - overview

A

Macroparasite - intestinal nematodes

Acquired by ingestion of eggs, mainly in areas of poor hygiene

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24
Q

Ascariasis - clinical

A

Lung and intestinal issues including Loefflers syndrome, malnutrition, malabsorption and intestinal obstruction

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25
Ascariasis - treatment
Albendazole preventing worm's glucose absorption so it dies, detaches and passes
26
Ascariasis - control
WHO, sanitation, education, community deworming
27
Schistosomiasis - overview
Trematode, causes chronic disease resulting in bladder cancer and liver cirrhosis. Snails as intermediate host. Massive public health concern
28
Schistosomiasis - clinical
Often asymptomatic, can be a symptomatic acute infection, or can be chronic inc. haematuria, bladder fibrosis, squamous cell CA bladder, portal hypertension, liver cirrhosis, abdo pain and hepatosplenomegaly
29
Schistosomiasis - complications
``` Undernutrition Anaemia Hepatic fibrosis Renal failure Bladder tumours ```
30
Schistosomiasis - treatment
Praziquantel
31
Schistosomiasis - control
Kill snail intermediates, chemoprophylaxis, avoidance of snail infested waters, community targeted treatment
32
Hydatid disease - overview
Tapeworm. Human is accidental host, with usual hosts being sheep and dogs
33
Hydatid disease - clinical
70% liver cysts, 20% lungs. Often asymptomatic. Secondary bacterial infection. Cyst rupture causes anaphylaxis-like reaction.
34
Hydatid disease - diagnosis
Serology Histology if cyst ruptures DO NOT BIOPSY - risk of spread
35
Hydatid disease - treatment
Albendazole with prazigantel for daughter cysts
36
Malaria - overview
Microparasite - 5 types, four of which are human only. Very wide spread
37
Strongyloides - overview
Mainly tropical and subtropical regions but also temperate climates. Estimate 30-100 million people are infected worldwide
38
Strongyloides - transmission
Stool transmission, but can auto-infect, therefore if you pick some of it up it can escalate even when away from primary. infection place. Also sexual transmitted
39
Strongyloides - symptoms
Hyper-infection syndrome if immunosuppressed. (90% mortality rate) Creeping eruptions GI disturbances rarely Eosinophilia
40
Strongyloides - treatment
Thiabendazole
41
Strongyloides - diagnosis
Serology Stool culture More difficult for hyper infection syndrome
42
Strongyloides - control
Shoes when walking on soil Avoiding contact with faecal matter Proper sewage disposal
43
Malaria - clinical
``` Parasites rupture red cells, block capillaries and cause inflammatory reaction Fever and riggers Cerebral malaria Renal failure Hypoglycaemia Pulmonary oedema Circulatory collapse Anaemia, bleeding and DIC ```
44
Returning traveller + Fever =
Malaria (until proven otherwise)
45
Malaria - diagnosis
Thick and thin microscopy, serology, PCR
46
Malaria - treatment
Antimalarials and supportive therapy
47
Malaria - control
Insecticide spraying, larvicidal spraying on breeding pools, insect nets, chemoprophylaxis, hopefully vaccine
48
Cryptosporidiosis - overview
Micro-parasite, causing diarrhoea disease, human to human spread with animal reservoir. Faecal-oral spread. Worldwide spread
49
Cryptosporidiosis
Watery diarrhoea with no blood, bloating, cramps. Usually self-limiting but can be more severe in very young, very old and anyone immunocompromised
50
Cryptosporidiosis - diagnosis
Acid-fast staining in faeces sample
51
Cryptosporidiosis - treatment
Symptomatic - rehydration and nitazoxanide | More intense for those immunocompromised or very severe
52
Cryptosporidiosis - control
Hand hygiene, filter or boil drinking water, isolation, pasteurise milk and dairy products
53
Trichomoniasis - overview
Flagellated protozoan, sexually transmitted.
54
Trichomoniasis - clinical
``` Men = asymptomatic Women = smelly vaginal discharge, dyspareunia, dysuria and lower abdo pain, 'strawberry cervix' ```
55
Trichomoniasis - diagnosis
ID of organism in genital species on direct microscopy. PCR increasingly available
56
Trichomoniasis - treatment
Metronidazole. Both/all partners treated simultaneously
57
Trichomoniasis - control
General STI prevention inc. barrier contraception
58
Giardiasis - overview
Protozoan. Faecal - oral transmission
59
Giardiasis - clinical
Variety of symptoms from asymptomatic to severe diarrhoea
60
Giardiasis - diagnosis
ID of cysts or trophozoites in faeces
61
Giardiasis - treatment
Metronidazole or tindazole
62
Giardiasis - prevention
No vaccine available - hygiene measures inc. boiling water

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