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CP > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a parasite?

A

Lives in or on a host, deriving nutrients at its expense and giving nothing in return

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2
Q

Symbiosis

A

Living together, close, long-term interaction between two different species

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3
Q

Mutualism

A

An association where both species benefit from the interaction

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4
Q

Commensalism

A

An association where only the parasite is deriving benefit but the host is not harmed

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5
Q

Definitive host

A

Either harbours the adult stage of the parasite or where the parasite utilises the sexual method of reproduction

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6
Q

Reservoir host

A

Animal or species infected by a parasite which serves as a source of infection for other species

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7
Q

Intermediate host

A

Harbours the larval or asexual stages of the parasite - a parasite may have more than 1 intermediate hosts

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8
Q

Paratenic host

A

Host where the parasite remains viable without further development

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9
Q

Phylum protozoa

A

Flagellates
Amoeboids
Sporozoans
Trypanosomes

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10
Q

Platyhelminthes and phylum nemathelminthes

A 
Flat worms (flukes and tapeworms)
Roundworms
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11
Q

Phylum arthropoda

A

Ectoparasites (lice and mites)

Blood sucking arthropods (mosquitos)

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12
Q

Protozoa

A

Single-celled organism which can be free-living or parasitic in nature

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13
Q

Helminths

A

Large multi-cellular organisms. Adults generally visible by eye. Adults cannot multiply in humans

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14
Q

Ectoparasites

A

Broadly include blood-sucking and burrowing arthropods. Important transmitters of infection

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15
Q

How to approach parasites

A 
Distribution
Life cycles
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Control
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16
Q

Distribution

A

Where we find them

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17
Q

Life cycles

A

How they survive and breed

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18
Q

Clinical manifestations

A

How they affect the host

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19
Q

Diagnosis

A

How we identify them

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20
Q

Treatment

A

How we get rid of them

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21
Q

Control

A

How we prevent others from getting infected

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22
Q

Types of life cycle

A

Direct
Simple indirect
Complex indirect

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23
Q

Ascariasis - overview

A

Macroparasite - intestinal nematodes

Acquired by ingestion of eggs, mainly in areas of poor hygiene

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24
Q

Ascariasis - clinical

A

Lung and intestinal issues including Loefflers syndrome, malnutrition, malabsorption and intestinal obstruction

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25
Q

Ascariasis - treatment

A

Albendazole preventing worm’s glucose absorption so it dies, detaches and passes

26
Q

Ascariasis - control

A

WHO, sanitation, education, community deworming

27
Q

Schistosomiasis - overview

A

Trematode, causes chronic disease resulting in bladder cancer and liver cirrhosis. Snails as intermediate host. Massive public health concern

28
Q

Schistosomiasis - clinical

A

Often asymptomatic, can be a symptomatic acute infection, or can be chronic inc. haematuria, bladder fibrosis, squamous cell CA bladder, portal hypertension, liver cirrhosis, abdo pain and hepatosplenomegaly

29
Q

Schistosomiasis - complications

A 
Undernutrition
Anaemia
Hepatic fibrosis
Renal failure
Bladder tumours
30
Q

Schistosomiasis - treatment

A

Praziquantel

31
Q

Schistosomiasis - control

A

Kill snail intermediates, chemoprophylaxis, avoidance of snail infested waters, community targeted treatment

32
Q

Hydatid disease - overview

A

Tapeworm. Human is accidental host, with usual hosts being sheep and dogs

33
Q

Hydatid disease - clinical

A

70% liver cysts, 20% lungs. Often asymptomatic. Secondary bacterial infection. Cyst rupture causes anaphylaxis-like reaction.

34
Q

Hydatid disease - diagnosis

A

Serology
Histology if cyst ruptures
DO NOT BIOPSY - risk of spread

35
Q

Hydatid disease - treatment

A

Albendazole with prazigantel for daughter cysts

36
Q

Malaria - overview

A

Microparasite - 5 types, four of which are human only. Very wide spread

37
Q

Strongyloides - overview

A

Mainly tropical and subtropical regions but also temperate climates. Estimate 30-100 million people are infected worldwide

38
Q

Strongyloides - transmission

A

Stool transmission, but can auto-infect, therefore if you pick some of it up it can escalate even when away from primary. infection place. Also sexual transmitted

39
Q

Strongyloides - symptoms

A

Hyper-infection syndrome if immunosuppressed. (90% mortality rate)
Creeping eruptions
GI disturbances rarely
Eosinophilia

40
Q

Strongyloides - treatment

A

Thiabendazole

41
Q

Strongyloides - diagnosis

A

Serology
Stool culture
More difficult for hyper infection syndrome

42
Q

Strongyloides - control

A

Shoes when walking on soil
Avoiding contact with faecal matter
Proper sewage disposal

43
Q

Malaria - clinical

A 
Parasites rupture red cells, block capillaries and cause inflammatory reaction
Fever and riggers
Cerebral malaria
Renal failure
Hypoglycaemia
Pulmonary oedema
Circulatory collapse
Anaemia, bleeding and DIC
44
Q

Returning traveller + Fever =

A

Malaria (until proven otherwise)

45
Q

Malaria - diagnosis

A

Thick and thin microscopy, serology, PCR

46
Q

Malaria - treatment

A

Antimalarials and supportive therapy

47
Q

Malaria - control

A

Insecticide spraying, larvicidal spraying on breeding pools, insect nets, chemoprophylaxis, hopefully vaccine

48
Q

Cryptosporidiosis - overview

A

Micro-parasite, causing diarrhoea disease, human to human spread with animal reservoir. Faecal-oral spread. Worldwide spread

49
Q

Cryptosporidiosis

A

Watery diarrhoea with no blood, bloating, cramps. Usually self-limiting but can be more severe in very young, very old and anyone immunocompromised

50
Q

Cryptosporidiosis - diagnosis

A

Acid-fast staining in faeces sample

51
Q

Cryptosporidiosis - treatment

A

Symptomatic - rehydration and nitazoxanide

More intense for those immunocompromised or very severe

52
Q

Cryptosporidiosis - control

A

Hand hygiene, filter or boil drinking water, isolation, pasteurise milk and dairy products

53
Q

Trichomoniasis - overview

A

Flagellated protozoan, sexually transmitted.

54
Q

Trichomoniasis - clinical

A 
Men = asymptomatic
Women = smelly vaginal discharge, dyspareunia, dysuria and lower abdo pain, 'strawberry cervix'
55
Q

Trichomoniasis - diagnosis

A

ID of organism in genital species on direct microscopy. PCR increasingly available

56
Q

Trichomoniasis - treatment

A

Metronidazole. Both/all partners treated simultaneously

57
Q

Trichomoniasis - control

A

General STI prevention inc. barrier contraception

58
Q

Giardiasis - overview

A

Protozoan. Faecal - oral transmission

59
Q

Giardiasis - clinical

A

Variety of symptoms from asymptomatic to severe diarrhoea

60
Q

Giardiasis - diagnosis

A

ID of cysts or trophozoites in faeces

61
Q

Giardiasis - treatment

A

Metronidazole or tindazole

62
Q

Giardiasis - prevention

A

No vaccine available - hygiene measures inc. boiling water

CP (19 decks)

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