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Pre-Midterm Micro > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

Parasite kingdoms

A

Protozoa- unicellular

Metazoa- multicellular

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2
Q

Local transmission

A

When a traveler picks up an infection in an endemic area, and then returns to a non-endemic area, but is still able to spread the infection because the vector responsible is there.

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3
Q

What defines the geographic range of a parasite?

A

The presence/absence of a vector.

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4
Q

Protozoa

A

Microscopic, unicellular
Free living or parasitic
Multiply in humans

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5
Q

Helminths

A

Worms
Large, multicellular
Almost all are parasitic

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6
Q

Intermediate host

A

Where parasite develops

Only multiplies asexually here

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7
Q

Definitive host

A

Matures the parasite
Multiples sexually
Normally humans

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8
Q

Intermediate host of Paragoniumus westermani

A

snails and crustaceans

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9
Q

Intermediate host of Fasciola spp.

A

snails and plants

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10
Q

Intermediate host of Tania solium

A

pigs

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11
Q

Intermediate host of Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Triatomine bug

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12
Q

Prepotent period

A

Where the parasite has infected a host but is undergoing developmental changes and has not yet caused any damage for sxs to be observed

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13
Q

Pathogenic mechanisms of parasitic infections

A

1- Toxic products
2- Mechanical tissue damage
3- Immunopathology- HS rxns, AI rxns, metaplastic changes
Severity linked to repeated exposures

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14
Q

Stain used for Babesia spp.

A

Giemsa stain

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15
Q

Nocturnal periodicity

A

Periodic migration of microfilariae between peripheral blood and lung capillaries

Influences sampling time

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16
Q

Ultrasound useful for detecting:

A

Echinococcosis
Cysticercosis
Onchocerciasis
Lymphatic filariasis

Gives information about:
Abscess/cyst/space-occupying lesion
#, size and location

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17
Q

4 major groups of protozoa

A

1- Sarcodina (amoeba)
2- Mastigophora (flagellates)
3- Ciliophora (ciliates)
4- Sporozoa (non-motile adult stage)

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18
Q

Examples of relevant GI Sporozoa

A

Cryptoisospora belli
Cyclospora cayetanium

Both are apicomplexa (coccidian protozoa)

19
Q

Examples of GI Mastigophora

A

Giardia intestinalis

20
Q

Examples of GI Sarcodina

A

Entamoeba histolytica

21
Q

Example of GI Ciliophora

A

Balantidium coli

It’s the ONLY human pathogenic ciliate.

22
Q

Example of sporozoa

A

Plasmodium

23
Q

Physiology and Repro of protozoa

A 
get nutrients from pino- or phagocytosis
Respiration: facultative anaerobic
Survival form: cyst. If not cyst then must have person-person transmission or a vector.
Reproduction: binary fission
    Some exceptions (plasmodium)
24
Q

Trohphozoite

A

Motile feeding stage
Normally found in the tissues
Larger than cyst.

25
Q

Cyst

A

Non-motile, resistant
Multinucleated, smaller

T. vaginalis has NO cyst form

26
Q

Metazoa

A

Have life functions in tissue and organ systems (unlike protozoa which are in a cell)

Nemathelminthes (roundworms)
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

27
Q

Ascariasis

A

Mostly asx

Lungs (larvae): asthma or pneumonia-like cough, SOB and wheezing

Intestines (adult worms): diarrhea or bloody stools. N/V abd. pain.
Severe infections: malnutrition and wt. loss

28
Q

Most common cause of DALYs

A

Soil-transmitted helminths. Hookworms are #1 of those

29
Q

Lymphatic filariasis

A

Cause hydrocele in men
Lymphedema in women

Common in Africa, Asia, Americas, Pacific. Most are in SEA

30
Q

Physiology and Repro of Metazoa

A

Nutrients from active ingestion of tissue and fluid from hot, or passive absorption.

No multiplication/replication of adult form in humans. Produce large # of eggs per day

31
Q

Infective forms of nematodes

A

Egg
Filariform larvae
3rd stage larvae

32
Q

Infective forms of Trematodes

A

Cercaria

Metacercaria

33
Q

Infective forms of cestodes

A

Cysticercus
Proglottid
Embryonate egg
Cystericeroid

34
Q

Polyparasitism/Co-infection

A

Infection of multiple parasites at one time. Increases morbidity of other infectious diseases (TB and HIV)

35
Q

Roundworms

A

aka Nematodes
Most common transmission: ingestion of eggs or larvae

Adult stages in GIT, blood, lymph or subcut tissues.
Adults or larvae can cause disease

36
Q

Flatworms

A

aka platyhelminths

Includes Trematodes and cestodes

37
Q

Trematodes

A 
aka flukes
Flattened
2 anterior suckers
Hermaphroditic
Diagenetic- sex and asex development
38
Q

Life cycle of trematode

A 
Eggs are excreted into feces
Hatch in water--> form miracidia
Enter intermediate host
Develop sporocysts
Enter definitive host
Hatch into cercariae
39
Q

Miracidia

A

ciliated, first-stage larva of a trematode, emerges from the egg
Penetrates the intermediate host

40
Q

Cercariae

A

free-swimming trematode

In definitive host

41
Q

Cestodes

A

aka tapeworms
Flattened, but not flukes.
More mature and developed the further away from the head.
The mature parts contain the eggs that are released into the environment and cause infection.

No digestive system. Absorb nutrients across their surface

42
Q

Life cycle of cestodes

A

aka tapeworms
Adult form found in intestine of mammalian carnivores (definitive host).

Some spp. have same intermediate and definitive host.

Eggs are ingested–> develop into larvae –> enter circulation and encyst –> intermed. host consumed by definitive –> encysted form released into intestine, develops into adult.

43
Q

Control strategies for trypanosomiasis

A

Insecticide treated nets

Pre-Midterm Micro (8 decks)

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