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PARASITOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Branch of medicine or biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism with another living organism

A

Parasitology

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2
Q

Deals primarily with clinically significant parasites which are capable of causing a disease or infection to the host

A

Medical Parasitology

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3
Q

Study of protozoans (unicellular organism)

A

Protozoology

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4
Q

Unicellular organisms

A

Protozoans

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5
Q

Study of helminths (multicellular organisms)

A

Helminthology

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6
Q

Multicellular organisms

A

Helminths

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7
Q

Study of insects and arthropods that are of medical importance

A

Medical Entomology

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8
Q

Living together of phylogenetically different organims

A

Symbiosis

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9
Q

One organism gains benefits while the other organism neither benefits nor is harmed

A

Commensalism

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10
Q

Neutral to the other

A

Commensalism

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11
Q

Beneficial to one organism, harmful to the other

A

Parasitism

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12
Q

One organism benefits at the expense of the other

A

Parasitism

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13
Q

4 Types of Hosts

A

Definitive/ Final Host
Intermediate host
Paratenic Host
Reservoir host

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14
Q

Harbors the adult or sexual stage of parasite

A

Definitive

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15
Q

Harbors the larval or asexual stage of parasite

A

Intermediate

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16
Q

Allows the parasite’s life cycle to continue and serves as a source of human infection

A

Reservoir

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17
Q

Depends entirely upon its host for existence; cannot live outise of a host

A

Obligate

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18
Q

Capable of parasitic and free-living existence

A

Facultative

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19
Q

Capable of living independently outside of a host

A

Facultative

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20
Q

Larval stage is passed in a host while the adult is free living

A

Transitory

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21
Q

2 Types of Parasite according to duration of parasitism

A

Permanent
Temporary

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22
Q

Comple its life cycle in ________

A

Permanent

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23
Q

Parasites wherein all of its life cycle will happen in different host

A

Temporary

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24
Q

Deals with tropical diseases and other medical problems of tropical regions

A

Tropical Medicine

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25
Q

3 Types of Host-Parasite Relationship / Types of Association of Living Things

A

Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism

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26
Q

Beneficial to both organisms

A

Mutualism

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27
Q

Harbors a parasite that does not develop but remains alive and is infective to the next host

A

Paratenic

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28
Q

1 Example of Definitve host

A

Cat- DH of Toxoplasma gondii

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29
Q

1 Example of Intermediate host

A

Snail- IH of Trematodes/flukes

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30
Q

1 Example of Paratenic host

A

Large fish- PH of Diphylobothrium latum

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31
Q

1 Example of Reservoir host

A

Pigs- RH of Balantidium coli

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32
Q

8 Types of Parasites according to mode of living

A

Endoparasite
Ectoparasite
Intermittent
Obligate
Facultative
Accidental
Erratic
Zoonotic

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33
Q

Parasites wherein all of its life cycle will happen only within a single host

A

Permanent

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34
Q

Requires _____ for the larval and adult stages
Periodic

A

Periodic

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35
Q

Primarily infects animals and may be acquired by man

A

Zoonotic

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36
Q

Occurs in an unsual host

A

Accidental

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37
Q

Occurs in an unusual organ or habitat

A

Erratic

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38
Q

Passes through the intestinal tract without causing any disturbance

A

Spurious or coprozoic

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39
Q

Lives inside the body of a host

A

Endoparasite

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40
Q

Lives on body surfaces

A

Ectoparasite

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41
Q

Visits the host only during feeding time

A

Intermittent

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41
Q

2 Example of Ectoparasite

A

Lice (Pediculus humanus capitis, P.h. humanus, Phthirus pubis)

Itch mite (Sarcoptes scabiei)

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42
Q

5 Example of Intermittent parasite

A

Bed bug
Mosquito
Flea
Tick
Biting fly

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43
Q

Presence of endoparasite

A

Infection

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43
Q

Presence of an ectoparasite

A

Infestation

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44
Q

5 Types of parasite accrording to pathologic locations

A

Spurious
Hematozoic
Cytozoic
Coelozoic
Enterozoic

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45
Q

Spurious
Parasites that pass the gastrointestinal tract without infecting or causing harm to the host

A

Spurious

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46
Q

Hematozoic
Parasites found in blood

A

Hematozoic

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47
Q

Cytozoic
Parasites found in cells

A

Cytozoic

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48
Q

Coelozoic
Parasites found in body cavities

A

Coelozoic

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49
Q

Parasites found within gastrointestinal tract

A

Enterozoic

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50
Q

2 Types of Vectors

A

Biologic
Mechanical/ Phoretic

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51
Q

Transmits a parasite only after the latter has completed part of its development

A

Biologic

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52
Q

Not essential in the parasite’s life cycle and is responsible only for transmitting the parasite

A

Mechanical/ Phoretic

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53
Q

3 Parasites transmitted by mosquitoes

A

Plasmodium spp.
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi

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54
Q

3 Parasites transmitted by biting flies/sandflies

A

Leishmania spp
Trypanosoma brucei
Other filariae

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55
Q

Parasites transmitted by kissing bugs

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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56
Q

Babesia spp.
Parasites transmitted by ticks

A

Babesia spp.

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57
Q

Mechanical vectors of ______

A

Cockroaches
House flies

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58
Q

MOT of mouth/oral cavity

A

Ingestion
Oral-anal intercourse

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59
Q

MOT of skin

A

Larval skin penetration
Skin inoculation (vector-borne)

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60
Q

MOT of urogenital tract

A

Sexual intercourse (venereal)

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61
Q

MOT of nasal passages

A

Intranasal

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62
Q

Type of Autoinfection within the intestine

A

Internal

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63
Q

MOT of Transplancental

A

Vertical transmission (mother to fetus)

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64
Q

Type of Autoinfection hand to mouth

A

External

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65
Q

2 Types of autoinfection

A

External
Internal

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66
Q

5 Example of portal of entry

A

Mouth/oral-anal cavity
Skin
Urogenital tract
Nasal passages
Tranplancental

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67
Q

4 example of Portal of exit

A

Anus
Mouth
Urogenital tract
Non-intact skin

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68
Q

Study of patterns, distribution and occurence of disease

A

Epidemiology

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69
Q

Incidence
Number of new cases of infection

A

Incidence

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70
Q

Prevalence
Number of individuals in a population estimated to be infected with particular parasite

A

Prevalence

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71
Q

Number of worms per infected person

A

Intensity of infection/ worm burden

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72
Q

Other term for intensity of infection

A

Worm burden

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73
Q

Use of anti-helminthic/parasitic drug ina public health program

A

Deworming

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74
Q

Permanent reduction to zero of the incidence of infection worldwide

A

Eradication

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75
Q

Reduction to zero of the incidence of infection in a specific region or geographical area

A

Elimination

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76
Q

Female cell within uterus

A

Ova

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77
Q

Early developing stage

A

Embryo

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78
Q

Motile, feeding stage of protozan

A

Trophozoite

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78
Q

Female cell outside uterus

A

Egg

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79
Q

Active stage of parasites

A

Larva

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80
Q

Cyst
Non-motile, non-feeding stage of protozoan

A

Cyst

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81
Q

2 parasitic periodicity

A

Diurnal
Nocturnal

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82
Q

Day activity of parasites

A

Diurnal

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83
Q

Night activity of parasites

A

Nocturnal

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84
Q

3 Parasitic laying/giving birth characteristic

A

Viviparous
Ovo-viviparous
Oviparous

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85
Q

Parasite that do not lay eggs but instead produce fully developed larvae

A

Viviparous

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86
Q

Parasite that produce fully developed embryonated eggs

A

Ovo-viviparous

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87
Q

Parasite that produce unembryonated eggs that undergo external embryonation

A

Oviparous

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88
Q

4 Malarial terminologies

A

Microgametocytes
Macrogametocyte
Sporogony
Schizogony

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89
Q

Male sex cell of malarial parasites

A

Microgametocytes

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90
Q

Femal sex cell of malarial parasite

A

Macrogametocyte

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91
Q

Sporogony
Sexual reproduction of malarial parasite

A

Sporogony

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92
Q

Sporogony takes place in?

A

Mosquito

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93
Q

Asexual reproduction of malarial parasite

A

Schizogony

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94
Q

Schizogony takes place in?

A

Man

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95
Q

2 Parasitic development

A

Encystation
Excystation

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96
Q

Trophozoite into cyst

A

Encystation

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97
Q

Cyst emerges into trophozoite

A

Excystation

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98
Q

3 Disease distribution

A

Endemic
Epidemic
Pandemic

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99
Q

Disease which is constant in a community

A

Endemic

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100
Q

Outbreak of a disease affecting a wide area

A

Epidemic

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101
Q

Worlwide epidemic

A

Pandemic

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102
Q

Represents the taxon to which the species belongs

A

Genus

103
Q

First letter is capitalized

A

Genus

104
Q

Trivial name that distinguishes the species within the genus

A

Specific epithet

105
Q

3 Classification of Protozoa

A

Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Phylum Ciliophora
Phylum Apicomplexa

106
Q

Both parts of the organism’s name are ____ in normal text or ______ in handwriting

A

Italicized
and
Underline

107
Q

2 Classification of Sarcomastigophora

A

Amebae
Flagellates

108
Q

1 Classification of Ciliophora

A

Balantidium coli

109
Q

1 Classification of Phylum Apicomplexa

A

Sporozoans
Coccidians

110
Q

2 Classification of Helminths

A

Phylum Nemathelminthes
Phylum Platyhelminthes

111
Q

1 Type of Nemathelminthes

A

Nematodes

112
Q

Other term of nematodes

A

Roundworm

113
Q

2 types Platyhelminthes

A

Trematodes
Cestodes

114
Q

Other term of trematodes

A

Flukes

115
Q

Other term of cestodes

A

Tapeworms

116
Q

2 Other unicellular parasites

A

Blastocytis spp. (Stramenophile)
Microsporidians (Obligate intracellular fungi)

117
Q

3 Class of arthropods

A

Class Arachnida
Class Insecta
Class Crustacea

118
Q

3 Example of Arachnida

A

Ticks
Mites
Chiggers

119
Q

8 Example of Insecta

A

Lice
Fleas
Cockroaches
Bugs
Beetles
Flies
Mosquito
Midges

120
Q

3 Example of crustacea

A

Crabs
Crayfish
Copepods

121
Q

5 Example of stool preservatives

A
  1. Formalin
  2. Schaudinn’s solution
  3. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
  4. Merthiolate-iodine formalin (MIF)
  5. Sodium acetate-acetic acid formalin
122
Q

All-purpose fixative

A

Formalin

123
Q

5% concentration for protozoan cysts

A

Formalin

124
Q

How many concentration of formalin for protozoan cysts

A

5%

125
Q

5% formalin is used for

A

Protozoan cysts

126
Q

10% concentration for helminth eggs and larvae

A

Formalin

127
Q

How many concentration of formalin for helminths eggs and larvae

A

10%

128
Q

It contains mercuric chloride (higly toxic to humans)

A

Schaudinn’s solution

129
Q

Preserve fresh stool in preparation for staining stool smears

A

Schaudinn’s solution

130
Q

Schaudinn’s solution contains what chemicals that is highly toxic to humans

A

Mercuric chloride

131
Q

Plastic resin that serves as an adhesive for stool

A

PVA

132
Q

Normally incorporated in Schaudinn’s solution

A

PVA

133
Q

Stool preserved in thos preservatives can be concentrated using FECT

A

PVA

134
Q

Major drawback: use of mercuric chloride

A

PVA

135
Q

Serves as staining agent in MIF preservatives

A

Merthiolate
Iodine

136
Q

Acts as preservative in MIF

A

Formalin

137
Q

Fixation of intestinal protozoan, helminth eggs and larvae

A

MIF

138
Q

Component should always be fresh because it is unstable

A

Lugol’s iodine

139
Q

Does not contain mercuric chloride

A

Sodium acetate-acetic acid formalin

140
Q

Liquid fixative with a long shelf-life

A

Sodium acetate-acetic acid formalin

141
Q

Images are not as sharp as PVA and Schaudinn’s solution after staining

A

Sodium acetate-acetic acid formalin

142
Q

Characteristics of container

A

Clean, watertight,with tight fitting lid

143
Q

Acceptable amount of stool

A

Formed: 2-5 g
Watery: 5-6 tbsp

144
Q

Time collection of liquid stool

A

30 mins

145
Q

Time collection of soft or semi-formed stool

A

1 hour

146
Q

Time collection of formed stool

A

24 hours

147
Q

Fixatibe to stool ratio

A

3:1

148
Q

Specimen must be fixed in the preservative for at least:

A

30 minutes before processing

149
Q

Ova and parasite samples collected

A

3 samples in 10 days (intermittently)

150
Q

Diagnosis of amebiasis

A

6 samples in 14 days

151
Q

Patients undergoing barium,bismuth or mineral oil therapy

A

7-10 days before collection

152
Q

Patients undergoing _____,_____, or _______ must have 7-10 days before collection of stool

A

Barium
Bismuth
Mineral oil therapy

153
Q

Patients taking antibiotics or antimalarial drugs

A

Delayed for 2 weeks

154
Q

Patients taking _____ or __________

A

Antibiotics
Antimalarial drugs

155
Q

5 specimen used in parasitology

A

Stool
Blood
Urine
Sputum or BAL
Cerebrospinal fluid

156
Q

Best for demonstrating blood parasites

A

Capillary blood

157
Q

In processing blood parasites, avoid using _______

A

Anticoagulated blood

158
Q

If EDTA blood is used, specimen must be processed within

A

1 hour

159
Q

If _____ blood is used, specimen must be processed within 1 hour

A

EDTA

160
Q

Time of collection in Malaria

A

Before the next anticipated fever spike

161
Q

Time of collection in Filariasis

A

Depend on the periodicity of filariae

162
Q

Specimen that useful of T. vaginalis trophozoites, S. haematobium eggs,rarely W. bancrofti adult

A

Urine

163
Q

Specimen useful in demonstration of P. westermani eggs, E. histolytica trophozoites, migrating larvas of Ascaris, Strongyloides, and Hookworms, and P. jirovecii

A

Sputum or BAL

164
Q

Urine is useful in demonstration of

A

T. vaginalis trophozoites (most frequent parasite)
S. haematobium eggs
W. bancrofti adult ( in cases of hydrocoele) rarely

165
Q

Specimen useful in demonstration of Naeglaria and Acanthamoeba trophozoites, Trypanosomes and Panstrongylus larvae

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

166
Q

Sputum or BAL is useful in demonstration of

A

P. westermani eggs
E. histolytica trophozoites (in cases of pumonary abscess)
Migrating larvas of Ascaris
Strongyloides
Hookworms
P. jirovecii

167
Q

10% formalin formalin + stool + 10% HCl strained in a gauze

A

Acid-ether concentration technique

167
Q

CSF is useful in demonstration of

A

Naeglaria
Acanthamoeba trophozoites
Trypanosomes
Panstrongylus larvae

168
Q

Intradermal test for T. spiralis

A

Bachmann Test

169
Q

For detection of Strongyloides

A

Baermann Funnel

170
Q

Wrap the sample in cheesecloth and submerge it in a funnel filled with water

A

Baermann Funnel

171
Q

Immunologic test for T. spiralis and E. granulosus

A

Bentonite Flocculation Test

172
Q

Bentonite Flocculation Test is used for detection of

A

T. spiralis
E. granulosus

173
Q

Detects malarial aldolase

A

BinaxNOW test

174
Q

Use in Acid-ether concentration technique

A

10% formalin
Stool
10% HCl strained ina gauze

175
Q

Intradermal test for E. granulosus

A

Casoni test

176
Q

Culture medium for T. cruzi

A

Chang’s medium

177
Q

Chang’s medium is use to culture

A

T. cruzi

178
Q

Casoni test is use to test

A

E. granulosus

179
Q

For detection of Schistosoma spp

A

Circumoval Precipitin test

180
Q

Circumoval Precipitin test is use to detect

A

Schistosomma spp

181
Q

Patient serum + schistosomal eggs

A

Circumoval Precipitin test

182
Q

Use in Circumoval Precipitin test

A

Patient serum
Schistosomal eggs

183
Q

Culture medium for T. vaginalis

A

Diamond Medium

184
Q

Diamond Medium is use to detect

A

T. vaginalis

185
Q

Intradermal test for Leishmania spp.

A

Dr. Montenegro’s test

186
Q

Dr. Montenegro’s test is used to detect

A

Leishmania spp.

187
Q

Detects Giardia,Strongyloides, Clonorchis,Opisthorchis,Fasciola, and Cryptosporidium

A

Entero (string) test

188
Q

Entero test is used to detect

A

Giardia
Strongyloides
Clonorchis
Opisthorchis
Fasciola
Cryptosporidium

189
Q

Other term of Entero test

A

String test

190
Q

Uses a gelatin capsule attached to a string

A

Entero (string) test

191
Q

Egg hatching and sedimentation technique for detecting Schistosoma spp. eggs

A

Faust and Meleney’s Test

192
Q

Faust and Meleney’s test is used for detecting

A

Schistosoma spp. eggs

193
Q

Culture medium for T. vaginalis

A

Feinberg-Whittington Medium

194
Q

Feinberg-Whittington Medium is used to detect

A

T. vaginalis

195
Q

Most commonly used method for concentrating eggs, larvae and protozoan cysts

A

Formalin-Ether/ Ethyl Acetate Concentration Technique

196
Q

10% formalin + stool — centrifuge—–> Ether/Ethyl acetate to the sediment

A

Formalin-Ether/ Ethyl Acetate Concentration Technique

197
Q

Use in Formalin-Ether/ Ethyl Acetate Concentration Technique

A

10% formalin
Stool
Centrifuge

198
Q

4 layers of Formalin-Ether

A

Ether/Ethyl acetate (Top)
Debris
Formalin
Sediment (Bottom, parasites)

199
Q

Uses filter paper strip with water

A

Harada- Mori technique

200
Q

Strongyloides larvae move upwards, and Hookworm larvae move downwards

A

Harada- Mori technique

201
Q

In Harada- Mori technique this larvae move upwards

A

Strongyloides

202
Q

In Harada- Mori technique this larvae move downwards

A

Hookworm

203
Q

Uses wire mesh, newpaper, and cellophane soaked in glycerol-malachite green

A

Kato-Katz smear

204
Q

For detection of microfilariae

A

Knott’s concentration

205
Q

EDTA blood + 2% formalin — centrifuge—> Smear + Giemsa or Methylene blue

A

Knott’s concentration

206
Q

Used in knott’s concentration

A

EDTA blood
2% formalin
Centrifuge
Smear
Giemsa/ Methylene blue

207
Q

Detects histidine-rich protein II (HRP-II) antigen produced by P. falciparum

A

MalaQuick test

208
Q

MalaQuick test is used to detect

A

HRP-II antigen

209
Q

Parasite involve in MalaQuick test

A

P. falciparum

210
Q

For detection of Trichinella (gold standard), T. solium, Spirometra and Sarcocystis

A

Muscle Biopsy

211
Q

Muscle Biopsy is used to detect

A

Trichinella (gold standard)
T. solium
Spirometra
Sarcocystis

212
Q

Culture medium for Leishmania spp and T. cruzi

A

Now-MacNeal-Nicole (NNN) Medium

213
Q

Now-MacNeal-Nicole (NNN) Medium is used to detect

A

Leishmania spp.
T. cruzi

214
Q

For detection of Acanthamoeba spp.

A

Non-Nutrient agar with E. coli

215
Q

Non-Nutrient agar with E. coli can detect what spp

A

Acanthamoeba spp.

216
Q

Detects parasite LDH and differentiates the 4 Plasmodium species

A

Optimal Assay

217
Q

For detection of Trypanosoma, Plasmodium and Wuchereria

A

Optimal Assay

218
Q

Optimal Assay is use to detect

A

Trypanosoma
Plasmodium
Wuchereria

219
Q

Uses fluorescent microscope and acridine orange fluorochrome

A

Quantitative Buffy Coat

220
Q

Gold standard test for detection of T. gondii

A

Sabin-Feldman Dye Test

221
Q

Sabin-Feldman Dye Test is used to detect

A

T. gondii

222
Q

Tachyzoites + serum (Toxoplasma’s Ab’s) –> Distorted and colorless tachyzoites

A

Sabin-Feldman Dye Test

223
Q

Sabin-Feldman Dye Test uses

A

Tachyzoites
Serum (Toxoplasma’s Ab’s)
Distorted and colorless tachyzoites

224
Q

For detection of E. vermicularis eggs

A

Scotch Tape Swab

225
Q

Scotch tape swab is used to detect

A

E. vermicularis eggs

226
Q

Uses boiled sucrose solution with phenol

A

Sheather’s Sugar Flotation Technique

227
Q

For coccidian oocyst (Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Cytoisospora), and B. coli cyst

A

Sheather’s Sugar Flotation Technique

228
Q

Skin biopsy for detection of O. volvulus

A

Skin snip

229
Q

Stain for rapid processing of thick smears, especially in malaria

A

Field’s stain

230
Q

Gold standard for diagnosis of malarial thick and thin smear

A

Giemsa stain

231
Q

Stain for SAF-, formalin-preserved, fresh and unpreserved stools

A

Iron hematoxylin

232
Q

Stain for demonstration of uterine branches of Taenia spp.

A

India ink

233
Q

Stain for bone marrow samples and blood flagellates

A

Leishman’s stain

234
Q

Stain for emulsifying agent for stool and stains nuclei of protozoans

A

Lugol’s iodine

235
Q

Stain for coccidian parasites

A

Modified acid-fast stain

236
Q

Recommended stain for intestinal microsporidia

A

Modified Trichome stain

237
Q

Stain for fresh and unpreserved stools

A

Trichome stain

238
Q

Stain for blood cell morphology, but must be confirmed by Giemsa

A

Wright’s stain

239
Q

0.1 M NaOH + stool –> counted in an ordinary slide

A

Stoll Egg count

240
Q

Stoll Egg count uses

A

0.1 M NaOH
Stool

241
Q

For screening malarial parasites (quantitation and identifying pigments)

A

Thick Blood film

242
Q

For identifying malarial species

A

Thin Blood film

243
Q

Routine O&P examination

A

Wet Mount (NSS, Iodine)

244
Q

Iodine stains cysts yellow-brown but kills trophozoites

A

Wet Mount

245
Q

In Wet Mount. iodine stain cysts what color

A

Yellow-brown

246
Q

In Wet Mount, iodine stains cysts but kills what

A

Trophozoites

247
Q

In Wet mount, this are not stained

A

Chromatoid bodies

248
Q

Animal test for detection of T. spiralis, T. cruzi, W. bancrofti

A

Xenodiagnosis

249
Q

Xenodiagnosis is used to detect what parasite

A

T. spiralis
T. cruzi
W. bancrofti

250
Q

What parasite is detected in xenodiagnosis when albino mice is used

A

T. spiralis

251
Q

What parasite is detected in xenodiagnosis when reduviid bugs is used

A

T. cruzi

252
Q

What parasite is detected in xenodiagnosis when mosquitoes is used

A

W. bancrofti

253
Q

For protozoan cysts and nematode eggs except Trichuris and Capillaria

A

Zinc Sulfate Flotation Technique

254
Q

In Zinc Sulfate Flotation Technique, this parasites are not detected

A

Trichuris
Capillaria

255
Q

Not appropriate for operculated eggs, Schistosomes, or infertile Ascaris eggs

A

Zinc Sulfate Flotation Technique

256
Q

Specific gravity of ZnSO4

A

1.18

257
Q

What are the 2 layer of Zinc Sulfate Flotation Technique

A

Supernatant (Top, parasites)
Liquid suspension (Bottom)

RMT (2 decks)

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