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RMT > HISTOPATH > Flashcards

HISTOPATH Flashcards

1
Q

Dolor means

A

Pain

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2
Q

Site of collection for hormonal studies

A

Upper quadrant of vaginal wall

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3
Q

Prosector of autopsy

A

Pathologist

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4
Q

Cells with fried egg appearance

A

Parabasal cells

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5
Q

Stain for copper pigments (recall)

A

Lindquist rhodamine

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6
Q

Ratio of 10% formalin

A

1:9 (1 parts of stocksolution: 9 parts of water)

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7
Q

Most common metallic fixative

A

Mercuric chloride

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8
Q

Most rapid fixative

A

Carnoy’s

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9
Q

Pathology means

A

Study of suffering/pain

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10
Q

Tissues with intercalated disk

A

Cardiac muscle

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11
Q

Flat, polyhedral cells with a pyknotic nucleus

A

Superficial cells

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12
Q

Removes nicks

A

Honing

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13
Q

Scott’s tap water is employed for

A

Blueing Agent

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14
Q

Alkaline Fast green is useful as a stain for

A

Histones

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15
Q

Fastest method of paraffin impregnation

A

Vacuum

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16
Q

Ideal fixative to tissue ratio

A

20:1

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17
Q

-Itis means

A

Inflammation

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18
Q

Ab class used in IHC

A

IgG

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19
Q

Both a nuclear and histochemical fixative

A

Newcomer’s

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20
Q

Stain for glomerular basement membrane

A

PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff)

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21
Q

Inventor of Sliding microtome

A

Adams

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22
Q

Epon is employed as

A

Plastic embedding medium for Electron microscopy

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23
Q

Non-appearance of organ

A

Agenesia

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24
Q

Clearing agent that becomes milky

A

Xylene

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25
Q

Routine fixative for exfoliative cytology

A

95% ethanol

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26
Q

Recommended fixative for cell detail in tissue photography

A

Mercuric chloride

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27
Q

Negri bodies are seen in which viral disease

A

Rabies

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28
Q

Presence of mononuclear cells are associated with which type of inflammation

A

Chronic inflammation

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29
Q

Most reliable feature of malignancy

A

Metastasis

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30
Q

Double embedding technique

A

1st: Celloidin ; 2nd: Paraffin

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31
Q

Tissue examination can be performed in _____ or ______

A

Fresh or Preserved tissues

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32
Q

Examined in its living state;
Allows examination of protoplasmic activities;

A

Fresh tissues

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33
Q

What are the protoplasmic activities of fresh tissues?

A

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Mitosis
Motility

(PPMM)

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34
Q

Tissues are not permanent:

Fresh or Preserved ?

A

Fresh tissues

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35
Q

4 Methods of FRESH TISSUES examination

A

Teasing/ Dissociation
Squash Preparation/Crushing
Smear Preparation
Frozen Section

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36
Q

Tissues is immersed in a watch glass with NSS;
Dissected or separated using needle

A

Teasing/ Dissociation

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37
Q

In Teasing, tissues is immersed in a watch glass with _____

A

NSS

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38
Q

Microscope needed in Teasing method

A

Phase contrast/ Bright field

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39
Q

Stain used in Teasing method

A

Methylene Blue

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40
Q

Small tissues are placed in a slide;
Tissues are compressed with another slide or coverslip

A

Squash Preparation/Crushing

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41
Q

In squash method, what is the size of tissue needed to be place in a slide

A

1mm or less

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42
Q

Stain used in squash method

A

Supravital stain

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43
Q

Cellular materials are spread lightly over a slide

A

Smear preparation

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44
Q

Method of fresh tissue examination:

Useful for cytology

A

Smear Preparation

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45
Q

4 types of Smear Preparation

A

Streaking
Spreading
Pull- Apart
Touch Preparation

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46
Q

Material is added using an applicator stick of loop in a direct or zigzag fashion

A

Streaking

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47
Q

Material is placed on a clean slide and spread into a moderately thick film by teasing with an applicator stick

A

Spreading

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48
Q

Advantage of spreading smear

A

Maintains intercellular relationship

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49
Q

Use of 2 slides in preparing the smear

A

Pull-Apart

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50
Q

Smear used for thick secretions

A

Pull-Apart

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51
Q

Touch preparation is A.K.A

A

Impression smear

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52
Q

Freshly cut piece of tissue in brought into contact and pressed on to the surface of a clean slide

A

Touch Preparation

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53
Q

Touch preparation is used for

A

Lymph nodes

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54
Q

The slide of touch preparation should be ____ and _____

A

sterile and with polished edges

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55
Q

For rapid diagnosis of fresh tissue examination

A

Frozen section

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56
Q

Time needed for:
Rush Frozen Section

A

5-15 mins

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57
Q

Apparatus used in Frozen section

A

Cryostat/Cold microtome
Freezing Microtome

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58
Q

Method of tissue examination:

Used for demonstration of lipids, nervous tissue elements ,enzymes

A

Frozen section

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59
Q

Preserved tissue processing:

Permanent or Not Permanent?

A

Permanent

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60
Q

Frozen section is done:

Intraoperatively or Preoperative or Postoperative

A

Intraoperatively

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61
Q

First and most important step in histopathology

A

Numbering (Accessioning)

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62
Q

In numbering, the specimen number is preceded by either:
S=
A=
C=

A

Surgical
Autopsy
Cytology

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63
Q

Example:
S99-0345, what does it mean?

A

345th Surgical specimen in the year 1999

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64
Q

The MT will then write down the description for processing at the ________

back of the request or in-front of the request ?

A

back of the request

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65
Q

Use ___ in writing the description of the tissue specimen

A

Pencil

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66
Q

Specimen size for processing:

A

2 x 3 cm
3-5 mm thick

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67
Q

What can be added for small tissues

A

1% eosin

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68
Q

For electron microscopy, specimen size should be?

A

1 mm^3

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69
Q

Most crucial step in histopath

A

Fixation

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70
Q

Process of preserving cells and tissue constituents in a condition identical to that existing during life

A

Fixation

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71
Q

Fixation prevent ____

A

Autolysis

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72
Q

Self-destruction of tissues

A

Autolysis

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73
Q

3 Methods of Fixation

A

Heat fixation
Perfusion
Immersion

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74
Q

Fixation via blood flow

A

Perfusion

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75
Q

2 Mechanism of action in fixation

A

Additive
Non-additive

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76
Q

The fixative becomes part of the tissue by formation of cross links/complexes

A

Additive

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77
Q

Stabilizes the tissue proteins

A

Additve

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78
Q

Ex: of additive fixation

A

Mercury
Formalin
Osmium tetroxide

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79
Q

Fixative not incorporated into the tissues

A

Non-additive

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80
Q

Alteration of tissue composition

Additive or Non-additive?

A

Non-Additive

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81
Q

Stabilizes the tissue by removing water

Additive or Non-additive?

A

Non-Additive

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82
Q

Ex of Non-additive fixation

A

Alcoholic fixative

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83
Q

Ex of mordant/accentuators in fixation

A

Osmium tetroxide
Potassium dichromate

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84
Q

pH of fixation

A

6-8

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85
Q

Traditional temp for fixation

A

Room temp

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86
Q

Autotech temp for fixation

A

40Degree Celsius

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87
Q

EM and Histochem temp for fixation

A

0-4 Degree Celsius

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88
Q

Rapid fixation temp

A

60 Degree Celsius

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89
Q

Temp of fixation for tissues with TB

A

100 Degree Celsius

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90
Q

Thickness of fixation for EM

A

1mm ^3 or
1-2 mm^2

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91
Q

Thickness of fixation for LM

A

2x3 cm or
2cm^2

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92
Q

Tissues should not be more than ___ thick

A

4-5 mm

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93
Q

Thickness of edematous lung tissues

A

10-20 mm or
1-2cm

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94
Q

Suspended in whole and tie with string

A

Brain tissues

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95
Q

Brain tissues should be tie at the string of ___ (recall)

A

Circle of Willis

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96
Q

Fixative for brain tissues

A

10% buffered formalin

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97
Q

Brain tissues should be fixed for how many?

A

2-3 weeks

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98
Q

Ex of large solid tissues

A

Uterus

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99
Q

Large solid tissues should be ____ to allow the fixative to enter the tissue

A

Cut open

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100
Q

Osmolality of fixation

A

Slightly hypertonic solution
aroung 400-450 mOsm

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101
Q

Ideal for immunolectron microscopy

A

0.25% glutaraldehyde

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102
Q

Time duration of primary fixation in buffered formalin

A

2-6 hours

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103
Q

Time duration of EM fixation

A

3 hours then placed in a holding buffer

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104
Q

Speed of fixation

A

<1hr or immediately

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105
Q

Why does fixation need to be done immediately

A

To prevent autolysis and putrefaction

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106
Q

Rate of penetration of formalin

A

1mm/hr

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107
Q

Volume or ratio of ideal fixation

A

10-20x of that tissue or 20:1 (fixative:tissue)

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108
Q

Volume for expensive fixative

A

5-10x reduced

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109
Q

Example of expensive fixative

A

Osmium tetroxide

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110
Q

Volume for museum preparation

A

atleast 50x of that tissue

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111
Q

Duration of tissue depends on

A

tissue structure

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112
Q

Duration of fixation of fibrous tissue

A

longer fixation time

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113
Q

Duration of fixation of small or loosely textured tissues

A

shorter fixation time

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114
Q

Duration of fixation can be hastened by:

A

Heat
Agitation
Vaccum
Microwave

“HAV Mi”

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115
Q

If autopsy materials are not anle to be fixed, these should be placed in:

A

Mortuary refrigeration at 4 Degree Celsius
Undergo Arterial Embalming

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116
Q

Organs that need to be grossed after fixation

A

Brains and eyes

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117
Q

Example of hollow organs

A

Stomach and intestine

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118
Q

Organs that tend to float in fixation

A

Hollow organs and Air filled lungs

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119
Q

Remedy for hollow organs in fixation that tend to float

A

Put cotton inside

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120
Q

Remedy for air filled lungs that tend to float in fixation

A

Wrap in gauze

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121
Q

Lungs of pneumonia patient tend to float or sink during fixation?

A

Sink

Due to combination of increased fluid content and consolidation in the lungs of pneumonia patients leads to a loss of buoyancy, causing them to sink during fixation.

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122
Q

What considereation should be done in Eyes specimen during fixation ?

A

Inject with formol alcohol

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123
Q

Example of hard tissues

A

Cervix,fibroids,hyperkeratotic skin, nails,teeth,bone

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124
Q

Consideration need to be done in hard tissues

A

Immersed the tissue in a softeners such as Perenyi’s or Lendrum’s before sectioning

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125
Q

Fixative types according to composition

A

Simple
Compound

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126
Q

Type of fixative that contains 1 fixative

A

Simple fixative

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127
Q

Type of fixative that contains 2 or more fixative

A

Compound fixative

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128
Q

Ex. of simple fixative

A

Heat
Aldehyde
Metallic Fixative

“HAM”

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129
Q

Fixatives according to action

A

Microanatomical
Cytological

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130
Q

Fixatives that permits general microscopic study of tissue structures without altering the structural pattern and normal intercellular relationship of tissues

A

Microanatomical

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131
Q

Fixative that preserve a specific part/ element of cells

A

Cytological

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132
Q

3 Types of cytological fixative

A

Nuclear
Cytoplasmic
Histochemical

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133
Q

Fixative that preserve nucleus and chromatin material and contains glacial acetic acid

A

Nuclear fixative

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134
Q

Purpose of glacial acetic acid

A

Increase affinity to nuclues

135
Q

pH of nuclear fixative

A

4.6 or less

136
Q

Fixative that preserves cytoplasm and organelles and no glacial acetic acid

A

Cytoplasmic

137
Q

pH of cytoplasmic fixative

A

4.6 or more

138
Q

Fixative that preserve chemical components

A

Histochemical

139
Q

Example of Microanatomical fixative

A

Bouin’s
Brasil’s
10% Formol Saline
10% Neutral Buffered Formalin
Formol sublimate
Zenker’s
Heidenhain’s Susa

“BB FNF Z Heiden”

140
Q

Example of Nuclear Fixative

A

Flemming’s
Carnoy’s
Bouin’s
Newcomer’s
Heidenhain’s Susa

“FC Ba Ni Heiden”

141
Q

Example of Cytoplasmic Fixative

A

Flemmings without HOAC(Acetic acid)
Formalin with post chroming
Orth’s
Regaud’s
Kelly’s

“FFORK”

142
Q

Example of Histochemical fixative

A

Absolute ethanol
10% Formol Saline
Acetone
Newcomer’s

“A FAN”

143
Q

10% formol saline is what type of fixative

A

Microanatomical and histochemical

144
Q

Heidenhain’s Susa is what type of fixative

A

Microanatomical and Nuclear

145
Q

Bouin’s is what type of fixative

A

Microanatomical and Nuclear

146
Q

Newcomer’s is what type of fixative

A

Nuclear and histochemical

147
Q

Example of aldehyde fixative

A

fixative with suffix -aldehyde
And gendre’s/alcoholic formalin/alcoholic bouin

148
Q

Gas produced from oxidation of methanol

A

Formalin/Formaldehyde

149
Q

% of stock/concentrated formalin

A

37-40%

150
Q

Routine formalin

A

10% formalin

151
Q

Actual concentration of 10% formalin in 37-40% stock solution

A

4%

152
Q

Formalin is usually buffered with

A

PO4 buffer to pH 7 - to prevent formalin pigments

153
Q

How to retards decomposition to formic acid

A

add 10% methanol

154
Q

Formalin added with 10% methanol is no longer suitable with ____

A

Electron microscopy

155
Q

Usual fixation time of formalin

A

12-24 hours

156
Q

The advantage of this fixative is easy to prepare,cheap,compative with many stains

A

Formalin

157
Q

The advantage of this fixative is irritating to nose and eyes and can cause allergic dermatitis

A

Formalin

158
Q

Use what type of gloves in preparing formalin to avoid allergic dermatitis

A

rubber gloves

159
Q

Prolonged storage of formalin can lead to what formation

A

White precipitate (Paraformaldehyde)

160
Q

What is the remedy for white precipitate formation in formalin?

A

Filtration
Add 10% methanol to dissolve

161
Q

What color of precipitate form in blood contaning tissue when formalin is used

A

Brown or black crystalline precipitate

162
Q

Brown or black crystalline precipitate is AKA

A

Acid Formaldehyde Hematein

163
Q

Example of blood containing tissues that cause brown or black precipitate

A

Spleen

164
Q

What is the reason of formation of brown/black precipitate

A

Due to the action of formic acid with blood

165
Q

What is the remedy for removal of formalin pigments

A

1) Kardasewitsch’s method (70% ethanol & 28% ammonium water)
2) Lilie’s method (hydrogen peroxide and 28% ammonium water)
3) Picric acid method (saturated alcoholic picric acid)
4) 1% KOH in 80% alcohol

166
Q

10% formol saline is diluted with

A

NaCl

167
Q

Fixation of CNS tissues and General Post Mortem Tissues for Histochemical examination

A

10% formol saline

168
Q

Ideal for silver impregnation

A

10% formol saline

169
Q

Best fixative for Iron containing pigments and elatic fibers

A

10% neutral buffered formalin /PO4 buffered formalin

170
Q

pH of PO4 buffered formalin

A

7

171
Q

Recommended routine fixative but longer to prepare

A

10% Neutral Buffered Formalin / PO4 Buffered Formalin

172
Q

Aldehyde fixative that contains Mercuric chloride

A

Formal Corrosive/ Formol Saline

173
Q

Excellent for stains like Silver Reticulin Method

A

Formal Corrosive/ Formol Saline

174
Q

Aldehyde fixative with no washing out and fixes lipids

A

Formal Corrosive/ Formol Saline

175
Q

Has 95% ethyl alcohol with picric acid and glacial acetic acid

A

Gendre’s / Alcoholic formalin/ Alcoholic Bouin

176
Q

AKA as Alcoholic Bouin

A

Gendre’s

177
Q

Good for glycogen and microincineration technique

A

Gendre’s

178
Q

Fixes Sputum

A

Gendre’s

179
Q

Contains 2 formalin residues linked by 3 carbon chains and acts similarly to formalin

A

Glutaraldehyde

180
Q

% of Glutaraldehyde in small and large tissues

A

2.5% = small tissues
4% = Large tissues

181
Q

Recommended for enzyme histochem and fixative for EM

A

Glutaraldehyde

182
Q

Primary Fixative for TEM (Tranmission Electron Microscopy)

A

Glutaraldehyde

183
Q

Better preservation of cellular and fluid proteins
Less irritating but expensive

A

Glutaraldehyde

184
Q

Glutaraldehyde specimen vial should be ___

A

refrigerated

185
Q

Polymer formalin in white powrder forn

A

Paraformaldehyde

186
Q

Concentration of Paraformaldehyde

A

4%

187
Q

Use for thin and ultrathin sections for plastic embedding and EM

A

Paraformaldehyde

188
Q

3 Types of Metallic Fixative

A

Mercuric chrloride
Chromate
Lead

189
Q

Most common metallic fixative

A

Mercuric fixative

190
Q

Concentration of metallic fixative

A

5-7%

191
Q

What type of fixative according to component is Mercuric chloride ?

Simple or Compound

A

Compound fixative

192
Q

Fixative that produce black granular deposit

A

Mercuric chloride

193
Q

All mercuric chloride produce black granular deposit except

A

Heidenhain’s susa

194
Q

Removal of black granular deposit can be done by

A

Dezenkerization (Washing out)

195
Q

Dezekerization solution contains

A

Saturated iodine solution of 96% alcohol &
5% sodium thiosulfate

196
Q

Metallic fixatives that penetrate and harden tissue rapidly

A

Mercuric chloride

197
Q

Routine fixative of choice for preservation of cell detail in tissue photography

A

Mercuric chloride

198
Q

Fixation of hematophoetic and reticuloendothelial tissues

A

Mercuric chloride

199
Q

Example of Mercuric chloride

A

Zenker’s
Zenker’s formol/ Helly’s/Kelly’s
Heidenhain Susa
B5 Fixative

“ZZ H5”

200
Q

Mercuric chloride that contains glacial acetic acid

A

Zenker’s

201
Q

Recommended for small pieces of liver,spleen,CT fibers and nuclei

A

Zenker’s

202
Q

Recommended for trichrome staining

A

Zenker’s

203
Q

Contains Potassium Chromate and formalin

A

Zenker’s formol/Helly’s/Kelly’s

204
Q

Excellent for microanatomical fixative of pituitary gland,BM and blood containing organ

A

Zenker’s formol/Helly’s/Kelly’s

205
Q

Preserves cytoplasmic granules and produce brown pigments

A

Zenker’s formol/Helly’s/Kelly’s

206
Q

what is the remedy of brown pigments due to kelly’s

A

Remove using picric acid or NaOH(sodium hydroxide)

207
Q

It composed of TCA,Glacial cetic acid and formalin

A

Heidenhain Susa

208
Q

Recommended for skin tumor biopsies

A

Heidenhain Susa

209
Q

Has anhydrous Na acetate

A

B5 Fixative

210
Q

For bone marrow biopsies and lymph nodes

A

B5 Fixative

211
Q

3 Example of Chromate Fixatives

A

Potassium Dichromate
Regaud’s /Muller’s
Orth’s Fluid

“PRO”

212
Q

Concentration of chromate fixative

A

1-2% aqueous solution

213
Q

It is a strong oxidizing agents and should not be combined with reducing agents

A

Chromate fixative

214
Q

It preserved carbohydrates

A

Chromate fixative

215
Q

It contains 3% aqueous solution

A

Potassium Dichromate

216
Q

Preserves lipids and mitochondria at pH 4.5-5.2 cytoplasm,chromatin and chromosomes are fixed

A

Potassium Dichromate

217
Q

Regaud’s is AKA

A

Muller’s

218
Q

Fixed chromatin,mitochondria,mitotic figures ,golgi bodies,rbc, and colloid containing tissues

A

Regaud’s

219
Q

For early degenerative process and tissue necrosis

A

Orth’s fluid

220
Q

Demonstration of Rickettsia

A

Orth’s fluid

221
Q

Preserves myelin

A

Orth’s fluid

222
Q

Contains 4% aqueous solution and recommended for Acid mucopolysaccharide

A

Lead Fixatives

223
Q

Fixes mucin also

A

Lead Fixatives

224
Q

Usually used in a strong or saturated solutions

A

Picric acid

225
Q

Chemically known as 2,4,6 Trinitophenol

A

Picric acid

226
Q

Can be used as stain (yellow) and small tissue fragments can be seen

A

Picric acid

227
Q

Explosive when dry

A

Picric acid

228
Q

Remedy for yellow stain cause by picric acid

A

Saturated solution of Lithium Carbonate
70% ethanol
5% Sodium Thiosulfate

229
Q

Excellent for glycogen

A

Picric acid

230
Q

Example of Picric Acid

A

Bouin’s
Brasil’s
Hollande’s solution

“BB Hollande”

231
Q

Recommended for embryonic and pituitary biopsies

A

Bouin’s

232
Q

Bouin’s are stained using

A

Masson’s trichrome stain

233
Q

Not for kidney fixation

A

Bouin’s

234
Q

Has TCA ,better and less messy than Bouin’s

A

Brasil’s Alcohic Picroformol fixative

235
Q

For GI tract samples and endocrine tissues

A

Hollande’s solution

236
Q

Less lysis than Bouin’s

A

Hollande’s solution

237
Q

Decalcifying property

A

Hollande’s solution

238
Q

Glacial acetic acid is what type of fixative?

Simple or Compound?

A

Compound

239
Q

Glacial acetic acid solidies at

A

17 Degree Celsius

240
Q

Not for cytoplasmic fixation

A

Glacial acetic acid

241
Q

What will happen if Glacial acetic acid is used for cytoplasmic fixation

A

Cell swelling

242
Q

Example of Alcoholic Fixatives

A

Newcomer’s
Methanol
Isopropyl
Carnoy’s
Ethanol

“New MICE”

243
Q

Rapidly denatures and precipitates protein

A

Alcoholic fixatives

244
Q

Alcoholic fixatives acts as both

A

Fixative and Dehydrating agent

245
Q

Use for glycogen fixation

A

Gendre’s
Picric
Alcohol fixative

246
Q

Alcohol fixatives preserves:

Nuclear stain or cytoplasmic stain?

A

Nuclear stain

247
Q

Alcoholic fixatives dissolves

A

Fats and Lipids

248
Q

Methanol is AKA

A

Wood Alcohol

249
Q

Concentration of Wood Alcohol

A

100%

250
Q

Alcohol fixatives used for blood smear, bone marrow smear, wet and dry smear

A

Methanol

251
Q

Isopropyl Alcohol is AKA

A

Rubbing Alcohol

252
Q

Concentration of Rubbing Alcohol

A

95%

253
Q

Alcohol fixatives that fixes touch preparation and for wright giemsa

A

Isopropyl Alcohol

254
Q

Ethanol is AKA

A

Grain Alcohol

255
Q

Concentration of Grain alcohol

A

70-100%

256
Q

All alcohol fixative is excellent for glycogen fixation except

A

Ethanol

257
Q

Fixative useful for PCR

A

Ethanol

258
Q

Most Rapid fixative

A

Carnoy’s fixative

259
Q

Fixation time of Carnoy’s fixative

A

1-3 hours

260
Q

Fixative that contains Absolute alcohol, Chloroform,Glacial acetic acid

A

Carnoy’s fixative

261
Q

Fixes Nissl granules and Cytoplasmic granules

A

Carnoy’s fixative

262
Q

Recommended for mucopolysaccharide and nuclear proteins

A

Newcomer’s

263
Q

Acts as both nuclear and biochemical fixative

A

Newcomer’s

264
Q

Osmium Tetroxide is AKA

A

Osmic Acid

265
Q

Produce pale yellow powder that dissolves in water (6% at 20 Degree Celsius)

A

Osmium Tetroxide

266
Q

Fixes and stains unconjugated fats which appear Black

A

Osmium Tetroxide

267
Q

Secondary fixative for EM after aldehydes

A

Osmium Tetroxide

268
Q

Preserves mitochondria and Golgi bodies

A

Osmium Tetroxide

269
Q

Osmium Tetroxide, Regaud, Potassium Dichromate all fixes

A

Mitochondria

270
Q

Regaud’s and Osmium tetroxide both fixes

A

Golgi bodies

271
Q

It is expensive, cause Corneal blindness and inhibit hematoxylin

A

Osmium tetroxide

272
Q

Osmium tetroxide ihibits

A

Hematoxylin

273
Q

Fixative that contains Osmium tetroxide

A

Flemming’s

274
Q

Most common chrome-osmium acid fixative

A

Flemming’s

275
Q

Excellent fixative for nuclear strctures

Flemming’s or Flemming’s w/o Acetic acid?

A

Flemming’s

276
Q

For cytoplasmic structures especially mitochondria

Flemming’s or Flemming’s w/o Acetic acid?

A

Flemming’s w/o Acetic acid

277
Q

Weak Decalcifying agent

A

TCA

278
Q

Used at Ice cold temperature from -5 to 4 Degree Celsius

A

Acetone

279
Q

Acetone is used at Ice cold temperature from

A

-5 to 4 Degree Celsius

280
Q

For diffusible enzymes such as Phosphatases and Lipases

A

Acetone

281
Q

For fixing brain tissues:Rabies

A

Acetone

282
Q

Thermal coagulation of tissues proteins

A

Heat Fixation

283
Q

For frozen tissue section and preparation of bacteriologic smears

A

Heat Fixation

284
Q

Physical agent similar to heat(Oven)

A

Microwave technique

285
Q

Increases movement of molecules and accelerate fixation,staining,decalcification,EM and immunohistochemistry

A

Microwave technique

286
Q

Optimum temp for Microwave technique

A

45-55 Degree Celsius

287
Q

Microwave technique can penetrate tissues with thickness of

A

10-15 mm

288
Q

4% formalin ,Formol Saline, Acetone,Formalin for cryostat sections are all fixatives for

A

Enzymes Histochemistry

289
Q

What are the fixatives for EM

A

Glutaraldehyde
Paraformaldehyde
Osmium tetroxide

290
Q

Pallde’s Millonig’s, S.collidine are all contains

A

Osmium tetroxide

291
Q

Optimum temp for EM fixation

A

4 Degree Celsius

292
Q

Best Fixative for Electron Histochemistry and Electron Immunocytochemistry

A

Karnovsky’s

293
Q

Karnovsky’s contains

A

Paraformaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde

294
Q

Mixture of methanol and PEG;
Cost effective alternative to formalin;
Recover RNA,DNA, proteins for molecular analysis

A

UMFIX

295
Q

Big size and Thicker

Retarded/ Enhaced?

A

Retarded

296
Q

Presenced of Mucus

Retarded/ Enhaced?

A

Retarded

297
Q

Presence of Pseudomucinous cyst of ovary

Retarded/ Enhaced?

A

Retarded

298
Q

Remedy for the presence of Mucus

A

Wash with NSS

299
Q

Presence of Fat

Retarded/ Enhaced?

A

Retarded

300
Q

Presence of Blood

Retarded / Enhaced?

A

Retarded

301
Q

Remedy for the presence of blood

A

Wash with NSS

302
Q

Cold temperature

Retarded / Enhaced?

A

Retarded

303
Q

Thinner and small size

Retarded / Enhaced?

A

Enhaced

304
Q

Agitation

Retarded / Enhaced?

A

Enhaced

305
Q

Agitation reduced processing time by how many percent?

A

30%

306
Q

Heat

Retarded/ Enhanced?

A

Enhanced

307
Q

Placing an already fixed tissue into another fixative to improve demonstration of substances and ensure further and complete hardening

A

Secondary Fixation

308
Q

Secondary fixation that uses 2.5-3% Potassium Dichromate for 1 day

A

Post-Chromatization

309
Q

Mordant used in Post-Chromatization for 1 day

A

2.5-3% Potassium Dichromate

310
Q

Potassium Dichromate serves as what in post-chromatization

A

Mordant

311
Q

Post-Chromatization is AKA

A

Post-Mordanting

312
Q

Removal of excess fixative to improve staining and remove artifacts

A

Washing-out

313
Q

Tap water can wash out?

A

Chromates, Formalin,Osmium tetroxide

314
Q

50-70% alcohol can wash out

A

Picric Acid

315
Q

Alcoholic iodine can wash out

A

Mercuric chloride

316
Q

Transport medium for unfixed tissues (renal,skin,oral mucosa biopsies); refrigerated; not a fixative

A

Michel’s solution

317
Q

Removal of calcium or lime salts from bones or calcified tissues following fixation

A

Decalcification

318
Q

Decalcification has ________ concentrated acid solutions decalcify more rapidly but may destroy tissue

less or more

A

More

319
Q

Ratio and Room of decalcification

A

20:1
Room temp

320
Q

Heat and Agitation _____ decalcification

hastens/slows

A

hastens

321
Q

Suspending the tissue in the decalcifying fluid hastens decalcification using what type of container

Metal / Glass

A

Glass due to acid agents

322
Q

Duration of decalcification

A

1-2 days

323
Q

Types of decalcifying agents

A

Acids
Chelating Agents
Ion Exchange Resins
Electrophoresis

“An ICE”

324
Q

Widely used for routine decalcification

A

Acid Decalcifying agents

325
Q

Types of Acid Decalcifying Agents

A

Nitric Acid
HCl
Formic Acid
TCA
Sulfurous Acid
Chromic Acid

326
Q

Most common and rapid decalcifying agent

A

Nitric Acid

327
Q

% of Nitric Acid

A

5-10%

328
Q

Nitric Acid can be removed by

A

70% Alcohol

329
Q

Remedy for nitric acid causing yellow color

A

Add 5% sodium thiosulfate / Urea crystals

329
Q

This decalcifying agent imparts a yellow color due to formation of nitrous acid

A

Nitric Acid

330
Q

Contains formalin and less tissue destruction;
Rapid for urgent biopsies

A

Formol Nitric Acid

331
Q

Decalcifies and softens tissues at the same time

A

Perenyi’s Fluid

332
Q

No maceration occurs because of chromic acid

A

Formol Nitric Acid

333
Q
A

RMT (3 decks)

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