Parasitology Flashcards
Single celled parasites name
Protozoa
4 types of protozoa
- Amoebas
- Flagellates
- Ciliates
- Sporozoans
Multicelled parasites name?
Metazoa
2 types of metazoa
Nemathelminths
Platyhelminths
Roundworms name
Nematodes
Flatworms name
Cestodes
Flukes name
Trematodes
Do protozoans have cell wall?
Chloroplasts?
No
No
Protozoans can exist in what two forms:
Trophozoite (feeding)
Cyst (resting)
Common mode of protozoan reproduction?
Binary fission
What type of replication occurs in definitive host only?
Sexual
Amoebas use what to move?
Pseudopodia
Example of amoeba:
Etamoeba histolytica
Flagellates use what to move?
Flagella
Example of flagellate 4
Giardia intestinalis
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trypanosoma
Leishmania
Ciliates use what to move
Cilia
Sporozoans use what to move
Flagella and pseudopodia
What is usually protozoan reproduction?
Exception
Binary fission
Sporozoans can do sexual
Sporozoans live where?
Intracellularly
which worms have male and female sexes?
Nematodes/Round worms
Definitive Host of a worm is what
Place where adult worms and sexual reproduction occurs
which worms may have digestive tracts
Roundworms and Flukes
NOT tapeworms
Which worms have hooks
tapeworms
Which worms have suckers
Tapeworms and flukes
Parts of cestode?
- Scolex
2. Strobila made of proglottids and gravid proglottids
Giardia appearance?
Path:
Disease:
Prevent:
Smiling face flagellate
Fecal/oral –> Binary in SI –> Destroy villi –> Cysts in feces
Giardiasis = Malabsorptive diarrhea with sulfur burps
Coccidia class of protozoa?
Path:
Disease:
Treatment:
Sporozoan
Fecal oral –> disrupt epithelial –> Shed in feces
Coccidiosis: Watery diarrhea
Nitazoxanide
Balantidium class
Path
Disease
Treatment:
Ciliate
Fecal oral –> Colon –> Shed in feces
Balantidiasis: Mild diarrhea
Tetracycline or metronidzaole
Entamoeba histolytica class Path: Special manifestation: Disease it causes: Treatment:
Amoeba
Fecal/oral –> Colon –> Brain
Flask shaped bleeding ulcers
Naegleria normally found in GI?
Transmission:
Manifestation:
Treatment
No
Warm freshwater up nose
Encephalitis and meningitis
Metronidazole
Acathamoeba normally foundin GI?
Transmission:
Manifestation:
Treatment:
No
COntact lens
Infection of eye
Metronidazole
Trichuris class?
Path:
Clinical manifestation: 2
Treatment:
Nematode
Ingest eggs –> larva in SI –> Adults in colon –> Eggs in feces
Bloody dysentery, tenesmus
Invermectin
Ascaris class
Path:
Disease:
Treatment
Roundworm, geohelminth
Fecal oral eggs –> Larva throughout upper chest –> Cough up larvae and swallow –> Adults in GI –> Eggs in feces
Ascariasis: Cough, asthma, biliary or colon obstruction
Invermectin
Hookworms class
Path:
Symptom:
Prevention and treatment
Roundworm
Larvae penetrate feet –> Get to lungs and trachea –> Swallow down to SI –> Eggs in feces
Ground itch and anemia
Sanitation and invermectin
Strongyloides is what class? Path Disease 2 Treatment What is found in stool
Roundworm Larvae penetrate skin --> lungs --> Swallowed --> Embed in SI --> Live larva passed in feces --> f Strongyloidiasis: Diarrhea and sepsis Invermectin Larva
What parasites mainly cause diarrhea 3
- Giarrdia
- Coccidian infections
- Balantidium
Dysentery parasitic causes 2
Trichuris
Amoebae
Non GI amoeboe to know (2)
- Naegleria: Brain
2. Acanthamoeba: Eye
Assorted bowel trouble caused by what roundworms
- Ascaris
- Hookworms
- Strongyloides
- Enterobius/pinworms
- Anasakis
Enterobius/pinworms is what class Path Sympstoms Diagnosis Treatment
Roundworm
Ingest eggs –> adult worms in rectum –> Crawl out and lay eggs in perianal –> Child scratches –> Fecal oral
Pruritis ani
Scotch tape test
Invermectin
Anasakis is what class
Path:
Symptoms (2)
Treatment
Roundworm
Eat sushi –> Worm penetrates mucosa –> Dies but causes allergic response
GI upset and eosinophilic granulomas
Invermectin
Cestodes locations Diphyllobothrium Diplyidium Hymenolepsis Taenia Echinococcus
Diphyll = Fish Diply = Dog Hymeno = Rodent/arthropod Taenia = Beef/pork Echinococcus = Dog
Prototype cestode has how many hosts?
How many stages?
2
2
Reproductive segments of cestodes are called
Proglottids
Extralumenal tapeworms include what two?
Taenia –> Cysticercosis
Echinococcus –> Hydatid
Main symptoms of tapeworm infeciton (3)
- Diarrhea
- Malabsorption
- Proglottid escape
Path of cystericercosis:
What does is cause heavily in endemic countries
Humans ingests taenia eggs –> Larvae go all over body and cause cysts
Neurocysticercosis –> Seizures in endemic countries
Path of hydatid disease
Most patient have what symptom
Human ingests eggs –> larvae spread all over body to cause cysts
Most people are highly allergic to it so very symptomatic
Prevention of cestode infections:
Treatment:
Prevent fecal oral route through sanitation
Praziquantel
Most cystericera have what symptom
Asymptomatic
Main treatment for cestodes
Praziquantel
Hepatobiliary parasitic causes (8)
- Ascariasis
- Amoebiasis
- Hydatid disease
- Flukes
- Larval migrans
- Leishmaniasis
- Toxoplasmosis
- Malaria
Trematodes are divided into what 4 types?
Biliary = Fasciola Liver = Clonorchis Mesenteric = Schisto Lung = Paragonimus
Biliary and liver flukes path:
Common symptoms (6)
Treatment
Snails ingest eggs –> Leave larvae for fish to eat –> Human eats fish –> larvae goes to liver or bile duct
Asymptomatic, flu like, respiratory, ab pain, hepatomegaly, carcinoma
Praziquantel
Schistosomiasis path
Symptom in kids
Main symptoms (4)
Treatment
Snail –> larvae in freshwater penetrates human skin –> mesenteric –> eggs in feces back to water
Hepatosplenomegaly/Ascites
Colon polyps, hematuria, bladder cancer, swimmer’s itch
Praziquantel
Paragonimius path
Symptoms 2
Treatment
Snails, crabs, shellfish –> Worms hatch in GI –> migrate to human lungs –> eggs in sputum/feces
Coughing up blood, lung masses
Praziquantel
Toxoplasmosis transmission 3
3 manifestations
Treatment
Contamianted meat, cat feces, congenital
Pseudocysts, Congenital TORCH infection, Change hosts behavior (psychoparasitism)
Pyremethamine
How did toxoplasmosis change women’s behavior:
More interested in cat odors
More easy going and less suspicious
How did toxoplasmosis change men’s behavior
Less bound to social rules
More suspicious and jealous
Trichomonas are transmitted how
Mian symptom:
STD
Vaginitis
Dracontiasis common name Class Transmission: Symptom: Control: Treatment:
Guinea worm
Nematode
Water bugs with larvae –> Swallow water with bugs –> Larvae in intestine –> Go to lower limbs –> Bury out of legs to release in water
Painful lower limbs
Clean water
Pull out worms as they appear
Trichinosis class
Path:
Symptoms
Treatment (2)
Roundworm
Undercooked pork –> nurse cells in muscle
Inflammation and pain
Invermecitn + mebendazole
Larval migrans is what class
Transmission:
Two forms:
Related to what:
round worm
fecal oral from dogs and cat feces
Visceral and cutaneous
Pet addiction
Main treatment for roundworms
Invermectin
Main treatment for tapeworms and flukes
Praziquantel
Main treatment for amoebae
Metronidazole
Mebendazole function
Inhibits microtubule polymerization
Pyrantel mechanism
Releases acetylcholine –> paralyzes worms
Invermectin mechanism
Binds glutamate-gated chloride channel –> Deactivates channel but changes chloride leves and messing with GABA
Praziquantel mechanism (2)
Increase permeability to calcium
Interferes with adenosine uptake
Mechanism of metronidazole
Strand breaks in DNA
