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MICRO > L8: Introduction to Parasites > Flashcards

L8: Introduction to Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Risk factors for parasitic disease? 7

A
  1. Traveler to endemic zones
  2. Raw food
  3. Barefoot exposure to soil
  4. Exposure to fresh water
  5. Injections
  6. Sexual activity
  7. Immunocompromised
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2
Q

Vectors and intermediate hosts of parasites?

Disease for each

A
  1. Mosquitos: Malaris, filariasis
  2. Flies: Leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, onchocerciasis
  3. Snail: Schitosomiasis
  4. Kissing bugs: Chagas disease
  5. Fish: Diphyllobothrium latum
  6. Large animals
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3
Q

What can be a vector?

A

Insect

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4
Q

2 categories of parasites?

A
  1. Protozoa: Single celled

2. Metazoa: Multi-celled

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5
Q

4 types of protozoa?

A

Amoebas
Flagellates
Ciliates
Sporozoans

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6
Q

2 categories of metazoa?

A

Nemathelminths

Platyhelminths

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7
Q

Another word for metazoa?

A

Helminth

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8
Q

Protozoans can be divided by location in body, what is this? (2)

A
  1. Lumen dwelling: don’t invade

2. Tissue dwelling: invade

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9
Q

3 types of metazoa? with common name

A
  1. Nematode: Round worm
  2. Cestodes: Flatworms or Tapeworms
  3. Trematodes: Flukes
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10
Q

Are protozoa pro or euk?

A

Eukaryote

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11
Q

Protozoa are found where?

A

Free living in marine, fresh water and terrestrial habitats

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12
Q

How are protozoa helpful?

A

Essential decomposers and part of food chain.

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13
Q

Do protozoa have a cell wall?
Are they eukaryotes?
Do they have chloroplasts?
How do they move?

A

No
Yes
No
Specalized structures: cilia, flagella, pseudopodia

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14
Q

Two forms a protozoan can exist as?

Define each

A
  1. Trophozoite: vegetative/feeding form

2. Cyst: resting form

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15
Q

What is the most common mode of protozoan reproduction?
Specifically what form?
Is this sexual or asexual?

A

Binary fission

Schizogony

Asexual

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16
Q

Is a protozoan has a definitive host, how does it reproduce?

A

Sexually

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17
Q

What is schizogony?

A

Many fissions in which the nucleus divided numerous times and then the cell produces numerous single-celled organisms

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18
Q

Mechanisms of entry of protozoa?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Sexual transmission
  3. Arthopod vectors
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19
Q

Example of direct inoclulation of protozoa?

A

Malaria

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20
Q

Example of indirect inoculation of protozoa?

A

Chagas’ disease

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21
Q

2 mechanisms of protozoan pathogenesis?

A
  1. Tissue damage

2. Release of toxins from tissue and parasite

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22
Q

Amoebas move by what object?

A

Pseudopodia

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23
Q

How many nuclei in amoebas?

A

1-2

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24
Q

How do amoebas replicate?

A

Binary fission

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25
Q

How do amoebas ingest?

A

Endocytosis

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26
Q

What do amoebas form under adverse conditions?

A

Cysts

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27
Q

Old designation of amoebas?

New designation of amoebas?

A
  1. Sarcodina

2. Amoebozoa

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28
Q

Flagellates old designation?

A

Mastigophora

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29
Q

How do flagellates move?

A

Flagella, 1 or more

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30
Q

How many nuclei do flagellates have?

A

1-2

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31
Q

How do flagellates reproduce?

A

Binary fission

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32
Q

What do flagellates form under adverse conditions?

A

Cysts

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33
Q

Are flagellates life cycles simple or complex?

A

Both.

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34
Q

Hemoflagellates have a complex life cycle of how many forms?

A

4, 1 of which is intracellular

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35
Q

Hemoflagellates are transferred by who?

A

Insect Vectors to trypansoma and leishmania

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36
Q

Trypanosoma can cause what diseases? 2

A
  1. African sleeping sickness

2. Chagas’ disease

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37
Q

Ciliates are known as what?

A

Ciliophora

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38
Q

Ciliates move how?

A

Cilia rotating

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39
Q

How many nuclei in ciliates?

A

1-2

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40
Q

How do ciliates replicate?

A

Binary fission

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41
Q

How do ciliates ingest nutrients?

A

Through cytosome

Excrete waste through anal pore.

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42
Q

Sporozoans are known as what?

A

Apicomplexans?

43
Q

What type of parasite is sporozoans?

A

Intracellular parasites.

44
Q

How do sporozoans move? (2)

A
  1. Flagella

2. Pseudopodia

45
Q

How many nuclei do sporozoans?

A

1 or multiple nuclei

46
Q

Sporozoans have how many developmental stages?

A

Several

47
Q

Are sporozoans only able to have one host?

A

No

48
Q

Sporozoans use what type of reproduction?

A

Sexual: Fusion
Asexual: Fission

49
Q

End product of sporozoans sexual reproduction is what?

A

Oocyst

50
Q

What is difference between intermediate host and definitive host

A

Intermediate host: Larval forms, asexual

Definitive host: Adult forms, sexual

51
Q

What are the health strategies against protozoan parasites?

A
  1. Control presence in environment
  2. Prevention of infection
  3. Treatment of infection
52
Q

Prevention of infection is through what? 3

A
  1. Hygiene
  2. Vector avoidance
  3. Immunization
53
Q

Helminths/Metazoa have what common characteristics?

A
  1. Multicellular and complex
  2. Rudimentary nervous systems
  3. Outer covering of cuticle that is shed
  4. Use sexual reproduction (although some are hermaphroditic)
  5. Highly allergenic (Type 1)
54
Q

Nematodes have what sexual identity?

A

Male and female

55
Q

Nematodes in the GI system do what?

A

Ova passes out

56
Q

Nematodes in circulatory must be what?

A

Be ingested by vector

57
Q

Nematodes in other tissues must be what?

A

Ingested by predator

58
Q

Cestodes have what sexual identity?

A

Hermaphroditic

59
Q

Do cestodes/proglottids exit under their own power or disintegrate?

A

Both

60
Q

Trematodes are usually what sexual identity?

A

Hermaphroditic

61
Q

Difference between cestodes and trematodes in terms of fertilization?

A

Cestodes: Self fertilize
Trematodes: Cross-fertilize

62
Q

Trematodes in GI system do what?

A

Ova exit in feces

63
Q

Trematodes in circulatory do what?

A

Erode to lumen

64
Q

Trematodes in pulmonary system do what?

A

Exit in sputum or feces

65
Q

What is a definitive host?

A

Harbors adult worms and is site where sexual reproduction takes place

66
Q

What is an intermediate host?

A

Harbors larval forms and asexual reproduction may take place.

67
Q

Helminth entry into body is by what means?

A

Intermediate host: Ingestion of larvae in tissue
Fecal-oral: Ingestion of eggs or larvae from feces of infected host
Skin penetration: Larval forms burrow through the skin
Injection by blood-sucking insect

68
Q

Two broad categories of helminths?

A
  1. Nemalthelminths (Roundworms)

2. Platyhelminths: Flatworms

69
Q

What is the group of roundworms called?

A

Nematodes

70
Q

What are the two subdivisions of flatworms?

A
  1. Cestodes: Tapeworms

2. Trematodes: Flukes

71
Q

Nematode body?

A

Long, cylindrical, narrow

72
Q

After hatching how do nematodes develop?

A

Molt through 1 or more larval stages

73
Q

Which is larger in nematodes, males or females?

A

Females

74
Q

Do nematodes have digestive tracts?

A

Some do

75
Q

For transmission of nematodes, what can be the infectious unit?
Which passes easily?

A

Egg: Pinworm (easily passes)
Larva: Hookworm

76
Q

How does a larval/hookworm act as infectious unit?

A
  1. Penetrate bare skin, enter blood stream
  2. Carried to lungs, and travel up trachea to esophagus
  3. Kids swallow them into intestine and they lay eggs here
  4. Poop out eggs
  5. Ova hatch in soil into first larval stage. and molt into second
77
Q

Should you pull tissue nematodes out?

A

No

78
Q

Tissue nematodes larvae are released into what?

A

Bloodstream or Exterior of body and are taken up by insects or intermediate hosts

79
Q

How are tissue nematodes acquired? 5

A
  1. Larvae ingested by copepods
  2. Drink copepods from bad water
  3. Larval migrate through tissues and mature
  4. Female adults go to subcutaneous tissue on extremities to release larva into water
80
Q

Platyhelminths have what shape?

A

Flattened

81
Q

Platyhelminths are of what sexual identity?

A

Hermaphroditic

82
Q

Which platyhelminths HAVE a digestive tract?

A

Flukes do

83
Q

What do platyhelminths use for attaching to tissues?

A

Tapeworms: Hooks

Tapeworms AND flukes: Suckers

84
Q

Cestodes have what two main parts?

A
  1. Strobila

2. Scolex

85
Q

The strobila is made up of what?

A
  1. Proglottids

2. Gravid proglottids

86
Q

Proglottids have what fnction?

A

Reproductive: Wil twitch and then dissolve releasing egg

87
Q

Gravid proglottids have what?

A

Eggs

88
Q

In intestinal cestodes, humans are what host?

A

Definitive host: Infected by larvae. Adult worms live in humans

89
Q

In tissue cestodes, humans are what host?

A

Intermediate host: Ingest eggs to get infected. Larvae live in tissues

90
Q

What is beef tapeworms lifecycle?

A
  1. Ova are ingested by cattle (intermediate host)
  2. Larvae ingested by humans (definitive host)
  3. Proglottids and eggs in intestine.
  4. Ova are shed in human feces
91
Q

How does the pork tapeworm’s lifecycle compare to the beef tapeworms?

A

Same

92
Q

What happens if humans ingest pork tapeworm ova?

A

Cysticercosis: Larvae encyst in tissue

93
Q

Trematodes have what symmetry?

What shape?

A

Bilateral

Leaf-shaped

94
Q

What do suckers do in trematodes?

A
  1. Hold on

2. Suck fluid

95
Q

What are the trematodes to worry about?

A

Blood flukes

96
Q

Definitive hosts of trematodes/flukes?

A

Humans, livestock

97
Q

Intermediate hosts of trematodes/flukes?

A

Snails

98
Q

What is lifecycle of trematode/fluke? 5

A
  1. Larvae burrow into snails
  2. Larvae multiply asexually and released into water
  3. Larvae form cyst in second intermediate host or water vegetation
  4. Cysts or larvae infect vertebrae host, mature and lay eggs
  5. Ova passed from vertebrae host to hatch inw ater
99
Q

Health strategies for parasitic helminths?

A
  1. Control presence in environment
  2. Prevention of infection
  3. Treatment of infection
100
Q

What are the treatment challenges to parasites?

A
  1. Diagnosing
  2. Effective medications (penetration and resistance)
  3. Toxicity of medication
  4. Expense of medication
  5. Elimination of pathogen
101
Q

Adult arachnids have how many legs?

A

4 pairs

102
Q

What are the most important arachnid vectors?

A

Ticks

103
Q

Insects have how many legs?

How many body regions?

A

3 pairs of legs

3 body regions

104
Q

3 entomology relationships in humans?

A
  1. Parasitic (live on/in us) Mites, lice
  2. Predatory (feed on us sometimes): Fleas, mosquitos, ticks, (great vectors)
  3. Polluting: Houseflies spreading germs

MICRO (22 decks)

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