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ADVH BIO > Parasitism > Flashcards

Parasitism Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ecological niche

A

An ecological niche is a multidimensional summary of tolerance and requirements of a species

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2
Q

What is a fundamental niche

A

A species has a fundamental niche that it occupies in the absence of any interspecific competition

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3
Q

What is a realised niche

A

A realised niche is occupied in response to interspecific competition

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4
Q

What is the result of interspecific competition

A

competitive exclusion

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5
Q

What is competitive exclusion

A

Where the niches of two species are so similar that one declines to local extinction

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6
Q

What is resource partitioning

A

Where the realised niches are sufficiently different that potential competitors can co-exist by resource partitioning

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7
Q

What is parasitism

A

A symbiotic interaction between a parasite and its host

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8
Q

What is a benefit a parasite can gain from host

A

Gains benefit in terms of nutrients at expense of its host

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9
Q

Why are parasites referred to as degenerate

A

As host provides many of the parasites needs as the parasite lack the organs and structures found in other organisms

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10
Q

Why do some parasites have a narrow (specialised) niche

A

As they are very host specific

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11
Q

Ectoparasite

A

Lives on the surface if its host

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12
Q

Endoparasite

A

Lives within the tissues of its host

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13
Q

Parasitic life cycles

A

Some parasites need only one host to complete their life cycle whereas some need more than one

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14
Q

What is a vector and give eg

A

A vector plays an active role in the transmission of the parasite and may also be a host

-mosquito

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15
Q

How is the human disease malaria caused

A

By Plasmodium

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16
Q

What does schistosomes cause

A

The human disease schistosomiasis

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17
Q

What is a virus

A

Viruses are parasites that can only replicate inside a host cell

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18
Q

What do viruses contain

A

Viruses contain genetic material in form of DNA or RNA, packaged in a protective protein coat

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19
Q

Describe the structure of a virus

A
  • Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
  • Protective protein coat - Capsid
  • Phosphide membrane
  • attachment proteins - antigens
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20
Q

Phosphoric membrane

A

derived from host cell materials which surrounds some viruses

21
Q

Viral life cycle stages

A
  • Infection of host cell with genetic material
  • host cell enzymes replicate viral genome
  • transcription of viral genes and translation of viral proteins
  • assembly and release of new viral particles
22
Q

RNA retroviruses

A

Use the enzyme reverse transcriptase to form DNA, which is then inserted into the genome of the host cell

23
Q

What happens if viral genes can be expressed

A

They form new viral particles

24
Q

What is transmission

A

Transmission is the spread of a parasite to a host

25
Q

What is virulence

A

Virulence is the harm caused to a host species by a parasite

26
Q

How are ectoparasites transmitted

A

Through direct contact or by consumption of intermediate hosts

27
Q

How are endoparasites often transmitted

A

Often transmitted by vectors

28
Q

What are factors that increase transmission rates

A
  • Overcrowding of hosts when they are at high density
  • mechanisms such as vectors and waterborne dispersal stages, that allow the parasite to spread even if infected hosts are incapacitated
29
Q

How do parasites maximise transmission

A

-host behaviour is exploited and modified by parasite

30
Q

What can parasites alter within a host

A
  • Parasites can suppress the host immune system
  • Modify host size and reproductive rates that benefit parasite growth
  • reproduction or transmission
31
Q

Defence against parasitic attack

A

Immune response in mammals has both non-specific and specific aspects

32
Q

State the 5 non-specific defences

A
  • Physical barriers
  • Chemical secretions
  • inflammatory response
  • phagocytes
  • natural killer cells
33
Q

What happens if tissue becomes damaged

A

Cells release histamine which causes vasodilation making blood capillaries more permeable increasing blood flow and cytokines which are signalling molecules that signal non-specific and specific white blood cells to site of infection

34
Q

What do lymphocytes posses

A

Each posses a receptor on its surface which can potentially recognise a parasite antigen

35
Q

Roles of lymphocytes

A

Some selected lymphocytes will produce antibodies, others can induce apoptosis in parasite-infected cells

36
Q

How do endoparasites evade detection

A

Endoparasites mimic host antigens to evade detection and modify host immune response to reduce their chances of destruction

37
Q

Antigenic variation in parasites

A

Antigenic variation in parasites allows them to change between different antigens during the course of infection of a host
-allows re-infection of same host with new variant

38
Q

What is latency

A

Some viruses escape immune surveillance by intergrating their genome into host genomes existing in an inactive state know as latency

39
Q

How does a virus become active again

A

when favourable conditions arise

40
Q

What is epidemiology

A

Epidemiology is the study of the outbreak and spread of infectious disease

41
Q

What is the herd immunity threshold

A

The density of resistant hosts in the population required to prevent epidemic

42
Q

What do vaccines contain

A

Contain antigens which will elicit an immune response

43
Q

Why is it difficult to find drug compounds/coordinated treatment to target parasite

A
  • Due to the similarities between host and parasite metabolism
  • Antigenic variation has to be reflected
  • Some parasites are difficult to culture in the laboratory
  • rapidly spreading due to overcrowding or tropical climates
44
Q

What are results of improving parasite control

A
  • Reduces child mortality
  • improvement in child development and intelligence
  • More resources for growth and development
45
Q

What is a definite host

A

Where the parasite reaches sexual maturity

46
Q

What is an intermediate host

A

Hosts for a part Of a parasites life and reproduces asexually

47
Q

Plasmodium life cycle

A
  • mosquito is the definite host and vector
  • gametocytes develop into gametes
  • within human who is intermediate host within their liver
  • blood cells burst
  • releases gametes in bloodstream
48
Q

Schistosama life cycle

A
  • Human is the definite host
  • fertilised eggs are passed in faeces
  • the eggs then hatch and infect snails
  • larvae then penetrates human skin

ADVH BIO (10 decks)

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