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Biology and Infectious Disease Control > Parasitic Nematodes > Flashcards

Parasitic Nematodes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are parasitic nematodes also known as?

A

Helminthes

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2
Q

What are drugs used against parasitic worms called (as a group)?

A

Anthemintics

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3
Q

What are the groups of drugs that have been created to treat parasitic nematode infections in the 1960s?

A

Benzimidazoles (1960s)

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4
Q

What is the general target for all current anthelmitics?

A

Mainly neuromuscular junction

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5
Q

Example of an imidazothiazole

A

Levamisole

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6
Q

Example of a macrocyclic lactone

A

Invermectin

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7
Q

Example of a spiroindole

A

Paraherquamide

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8
Q

What do benzimidazoles target?

A

inhibit cellular transport and energy metabolism -> impair locomotion and reproduction

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9
Q

What do imidazothiazoles target?

A

nicotine receptor antagonists -> muscle paralysis

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10
Q

What do macrocyclic lactones target?

A

ligand-gated ion channels -> paralysis of nematode pharyngeal and body wall muscle

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11
Q

What do spiroindoles target?

A

competitive cholinergic antagonist -> cause paralysis

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12
Q

Challenges to treatment of parasitic nematode infections

A 
multiple life cycle stages
complex body plan 
protective cuticle
mutlicellular
abundant and high reproduction capacity
some stages metabolically inactive - resistant
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13
Q

Challenges with drug treatment

A

Resistance
Reliance
Denser stock (livestock)
Movement of livestock

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14
Q

Solutions to challenges with drug treatment

A 
Ensure effective treatment 
Reduce reliance 
Combination drugs
Correct dose
Quarantine
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15
Q

Parasite response to the immune response (host)

A

Suppress TH1 response (inflammatory)
Activate TH2 response (anti-inflammatory)
Also secrete other substances

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16
Q

Genomic targets for future drug treatment

A

differential gene expression sites (between parasite and host)
disease-causing genes

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17
Q

Three types of gastrointestinal worm with greatest impact on human health and fitness

A

Ascaris
Trichuris (whipworm)
Necator and Ancylostoma (hookworm)

18
Q

Two parasitic worms that have a big impact on farming of animals

A

Haemonchus

Trichinella

19
Q

How do Ascaris and Trichuris infect their hosts (human)?

A

eggs passed in faeces - contaminate -> ingested

20
Q

At which stage of their respective lifecycles are Ascaris and Trichuris infective to humans?

A

Eggs (embryogenesis in soil)

21
Q

How do hookworms (Necator and Ancylostoma) infect their hosts (human)?

A

L3 larvae penetrate skin on foot

-> bloodstream->lung-> oesophagus-> intestinal epithelium

22
Q

How can Ascaris, Trichuris (whipworm), Necator and Ancylostoma (hookworm) infections be diagnosed?

A

eggs in faeces

23
Q

How does Haemochus infect their hosts?

A

L3 larvae are ingested, on grass eaten

24
Q

What is the host of the parasitic worm Haemonchus?

A

sheep and goats

25
Q

What is the significance of the parasitic worm Haemonchus?

A

most abundant sheep parasite globally

26
Q

Why are parasitic worms so important to the farming of animals?

A

reduces productivity of cattle, sheep and goats

27
Q

Brief life cycle of whipworms (Trichuris) and Ascaris

A

faeces -> soil -> mouth -> small intestine -> …

28
Q

Brief life cycle of Necator and Ancylostoma

A

faeces -> soil -> foot -> lungs -> oesophagus -> small intestine -> …

29
Q

What is the significance of parasitic worm infections in terms of human health and fitness?

A

Disability adjusted life years

- may not kill, but disable = reduction in productivity

30
Q

Methods for control of Trichinella

A

Effective public veterinary health programme
Farm management practices (rodent control + hygiene
Mandatory meat inspection
Public health information

31
Q

Brief life cycle of Haemonchus

A

direct life cycle (no vector)

faeces(eggs) -> soil (L1-L2) -> infect host (L3) -> abomasum (L3-adult)

32
Q

Risk factors for infection by Haemonchus

A 
young - 1st grazing season
old 
genetics
environmental factors 
exposure levels (conc. of eggs on grass)
33
Q

Methods for control of Haemonchus

A 
monitoring
mixed grazing (young and mature)
alternating stock (sheep/cattle)
stocking density
pasture composition - anthelmintic plants, e.g. chicory
34
Q

Why might trichinella be of particular concern in terms of pig meat consumption?

A

It is a zoonotic parasite.

35
Q

At which stage of its life cycle does trichinella infect?

A

L1 larvae (encysted larvae in striated muscle)

36
Q

Why is trichinella re-emerging?

A

wild reservoirs
political upheaval - i.e. Eastern Europe in the 1990s
changes in animal husbandry
global trade
EU trade (Eastern Europe has natural reservoirs)

37
Q

What are the hosts of trichenella?

A

humans
pigs (domestic)
other predatory/scavenging animals

38
Q

Brief life cycle of trichinella

A

meat -> mouth -> small intestine (larvae to adults) -> larvae in mucosa -> encysted larvae in striated muscle

39
Q

Point of diagnosis for trichinella

A

striated muscle

40
Q

What are the groups of drugs that have been created to treat parasitic nematode infections in the 1970s?

A

Imidazothiazoles

41
Q

What are the groups of drugs that have been created to treat parasitic nematode infections in the 1980s?

A

Macrocyclic lactones

42
Q

What are the groups of drugs that have been created to treat parasitic nematode infections in the 2000s?

A

Spiroindoles

Biology and Infectious Disease Control (5 decks)

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