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notes to flashcards year 2 - MCD > parasitic infection > Flashcards

parasitic infection Flashcards

1
Q

define infection

A

invasion by and growth of pathogenic microorganisms

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2
Q

define parasite and what are the 2 types?

A
  • organism living on/in host
  • dependent on host’s function so causes damage
  • types: endoparasites and exoparasites
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3
Q

what are the 2 categories of endoparasites? examples of each

A
  • protozoa: amoeba, cocciidia, ciliate, flagellates

- metazoa: roundworms, flatworms, flukes

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4
Q

describe the features of protozoa

A
  • single celled organisms
  • eukaryotic
  • causes of pathogenesis varies
  • no eosinophilia
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5
Q

describe the features of metazoa

A
  • free living
  • have intermediate hosts and vectors
  • eosinophila if invade blood
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6
Q

what are the forms of amoebae?

A
  • entamoeba histolytica (pathogenic in 10% cases)

- entamoeba dispar (normal commensal of GIT)

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7
Q

how does amoebae infection occur?

A

by ingestion of mature cycts in food/water/ on hands

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8
Q

what is the life cycle of amoebae?

A
  • humans only reservoir
  • cysts enters SI and release parasites
  • invade epithelial cells and cause ulcers
  • infection spreads via venous system
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9
Q

how do you diagnose and treat amoebae?

A
  • wet mount (microscopy of cysts)

- treatment: nitroimidazole

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10
Q

state the 3 organisms and diseases caused by coccidia

A
  • plasmodium species (malaria)
  • toxoplasma (toxoplasmosis)
  • crytposporidium (diarrhoea)
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11
Q

what are the 2 hosts of plasmodium?

A

human and female anopheles’ mosquito

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12
Q

what are the 2 stages of plasmodium in humans?

A
  • liver

- blood

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13
Q

what are the symptoms of malaria?

A
  • fever
  • headache
  • chills
  • emesis
  • myalgia
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14
Q

what are the complications of malaria?

A
  • severe anaemia

- cerebral malaria

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15
Q

how do you diagnose malaria?

A

blood film

antigen detection tests

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16
Q

who does toxoplasmosis affect?

A
  • mile disease in immunocompromised

- major for pregnancy

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17
Q

what is toxoplasmosis caused by?

A
  • infected food
  • blood transfusion
  • organ transplantation
  • trans-placentally to foetus
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18
Q

what are the symptoms of cryptosporidium?

A
  • diarrhoea
  • fever
  • nausea
  • emesis
  • very common in HIV pt
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19
Q

what is the diagnosis and treatment in cryptosporidium?

A
  • stool exam

- fluid rehydration

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20
Q

name a ciliate organism and the associated disease

A

balantidum –> balantidiasis

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21
Q

what are the reservoir hosts in balantidum coli?

A
  • pigs
  • rodents
  • primates
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22
Q

what are the symptoms of balantidum coli?

A
  • most asymptomatic

- in immunocompromised people = persistent diarrhoea, dysentery, abdo pain, weight loss, nausea

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23
Q

Flagellates: state organisms and associated disease

A
  • giardia lambia –> giardiasis
  • trichomonas
  • leishmania (sand fly vector)
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24
Q

what are the symptoms of giardiasis?

A

diarrhoea

25
Q

how is trichomonas transmitted?

A

sexually

26
Q

what effect does trichomonas have on HIV?

A
  • may enhance HIV risk
27
Q

what are the symptoms of trichomonas?

A
  • females: 10-50% asymptomatic (vaginal discharge, vulval itching, dysuria)
  • males: 15-50% asymptomatic (discharge and dysuria)
28
Q

how do you diagnose and treat trichomonas?

A
  • microscopy

- metronidazole

29
Q

describe the features of metazoan/helminths?

A
  • multicellular

- cycles involve insect vectors and intermediate hosts

30
Q

can adult worms multiply in man?

A

no

31
Q

in what subset are helminths a burden in?

A

school aged children

massive effect on child development

32
Q

what are the different types of worms?

A
  • roundworms/ nematodes (ascaris, hookworm, filaria)
  • flatworms/ cestodes (taenia, tapeworms)
  • flukes/ trematodes (schistosoma)
33
Q

what is the life cycle of ascariasis?

A
  • live in SI and eggs are passed with faeces
  • after infective eggs are swallowed, hatch and invade intestinal mucosa
  • carried via portal and systemic circulation to lungs
  • larvae mature in lugs and ascend and swallowed
  • when reach SI, develop into adults
34
Q

what are the symptoms of ascariasis?

A
  • asymptomatic
  • abdo pain
  • intestinal obstruction
  • adults feed on SI content = malnourishment
  • penetration to lungs = Loeffler’s pneumonia
35
Q

what is the diagnosis and treatment of ascariasis?

A
  • stool exam

- albendazole, mebendazole

36
Q

what is the hookworm life cycle?

A
  • larvae carried through circulatory system to heart, then lungs
  • penetrate alveoli
  • ascend to be swallowed
  • reach SI to mature
  • in SI, attach to lumen and cause localised bleeding
37
Q

what are the symptoms of hookworm?

A
  • iron def anaemia
  • cardiac complications
  • local skin mainfestations
  • resp symptoms
38
Q

what is the diagnosis and treatment of hookworm?

A
  • stool exam

- albendazole, mebendazole

39
Q

what is the biological name of whipworm?

A

trichuris trichiura

40
Q

what is the lifecycle of whipworm?

A
  • eggs hatch in SI
  • release larvae to mature in colon
  • adults live in caecum and asc colon
  • worms leave open wounds that cause inflammation of intestinal wall
41
Q

what are the symptoms of whipworm?

A
  • bloody diarrhoea

- anaemia

42
Q

what is the diagnosis and treatment of whipworm?

A
  • stool exam

- albendazole/ mebendazole

43
Q

what are the 2 main types of lymphatic filariasis?

A
  • brugia malayi

- wucheria bancrofti

44
Q

what are the symptoms of these?

A
  • causes elephantiasis when block lymphatic systems
  • microfilariae are found in peripheral blood
  • day = deep veins, night = peripheral circulation
45
Q

how do you diagnose it?

A
  • blood smear

- ELISA

46
Q

what is loiasis?

A
  • metazoa
  • roundworms/nematodes
  • causes loa loa
  • can get into eye
47
Q

what is the life cycle of loiasis?

A
  • females migrate through SC tissues and may cross front of eye
  • microfilariae circulate in blood
  • here can be picked up by Chrysops
  • in gut of fly, larvae mature into ineffective third stage larvae
  • larvae infect next host when chrysops take a blood meal
48
Q

what disease does tapeworm cause?

A
  • taenia
    humans only definitive host for:
  • taenia solium, taenia asciatica
  • taenia saginta
49
Q

what are the symptoms of tapeworm?

A
  • most asymptomatic
  • T. saginata often experience more symptoms = abdo pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, upset stomach
  • T. solium = cysticerosis
50
Q

how do you diagnose and treat tapewrom?

A
  • tapeworm segments in stool
  • identification of eggs in stool
  • treatment: praziquantel
51
Q

what are 3 main types of schistosomiasis?

A
  • schistosoma mansoni: eggs to SI
  • schistosoma haematobium: eggs to bladder and ureter
  • schistosoma japonicum: eggs to SI
52
Q

what is the life cycle of schistosomiasis?

A
  • eggs eliminated in water
  • these hatch and release miricidia (penetrates snail)
  • snails release cercariae that penetrate skin
  • they then migrate to different tissues
  • transform into adults and females which reside in venules
  • eggs move towards lumen of SI (m and j) or bladder/ureters (h)
53
Q

what are the symptoms?

A
  • days: rash/itchy skin
  • months: fever, chills, cough, myalgia
  • repeated infection in children can cause anaemia, malnutrition and learning difficulties
54
Q

how do you diagnose and treat?

A
  • stool/urine exam

- praziquantel

55
Q

what does scabies cause?

A

sarcoptes scabei and live

56
Q

what are the symptoms and treatment of scabies?

A
  • rash and burrows presence

- treatment: scabicides

57
Q

what are the types of lice?

A
  • pediculus humanis corporis (body louse)
  • pediculus humanis capitis (head louse)
  • pthirus pubis (crab louse of pubic area)
58
Q

what is the life cycle of lice?

A
  • exist in 3 stages (eggs, nymphs, adults)

- transmission by direct contact

notes to flashcards year 2 - MCD (24 decks)

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