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Parasitology > Parasitic Helminths > Flashcards

Parasitic Helminths Flashcards

1
Q

The final host could be man or vertebrate. However, the reproductive or adult stage of the parasite can be found in different parts of the body.

A

Trematodes

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2
Q

Trematodes of the venous system

A

Schistosoma

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3
Q

Trematode in the biliary tract

A

Clonorchis, Fasciola

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4
Q

Trematode of the lung

A

paragonimus westermani

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5
Q

Trematodes of the upper mesenteric vein

A

Schistosoma japonicum

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6
Q

Trematodes of the lower mesenteric vein

A

Schistosoma mansoni

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7
Q

Trematode of the kidney

A

Schistosoma haematobium

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8
Q

Clonorchis sinensis, Opistorchis, and Fasciola are trematodes found in the _________.

A

hepatobiliary tract

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9
Q

______ or ______ are all found in the small intestine

A

cestodes (tapeworm)

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10
Q

Termatodes are also known as

A

flukes

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11
Q

termatodes are all ____

A

hermaphroditic

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12
Q

Except ______ all trematodes requires 2 or more intermediate host, Metacercaria is the infective stage of, Ingestion is the MOA, leaf-like, eggs are operculated, have 2 suckers except Heterophyes heterophyes

A

schistosomes

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13
Q

Blood flukes:

A

Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni

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14
Q

LIVER FLUKES:

A

Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica, Clonorchis sinensis, Opistorchis viverini, Dicrocoelium dendriticum

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15
Q

INTESTINAL FLUKES

A

Fasciolopsis buski, Echinostoma ilocanum, Heterophyes heterophyes, Metagonimus yokogawai, Haplorchis taichiu, Gastrodiscoides hominis

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16
Q

PULMONARY FLUKES

A

Paragonimus westermanii

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17
Q

ADULT TREMATODES PART:
Connected to the intestinal caeca and vegetative in nature (food and nourishment)

A

Oral sucker

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18
Q

ADULT TREMATODES PART: Exit point of uterus (UT), where the eggs exit & Reproductive function

A

Ventral sucker

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19
Q

ADULT TREMATODES PART: Reproductive function

A

Uterus

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20
Q

ADULT TREMATODES PART: can be highly branching, simple, or dendritic

A

Intestine

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21
Q

ADULT TREMATODES PART: used for identification of species; can be globulated, round, branched

A

Testes

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22
Q

Life cycle of trematodes (8 parts)

A

Egg – Miracidium – sporocyst – Redia I – Redia II – Cercaria – Metacercaria – Adult

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23
Q

the space in the egg where the miracidium will escape.

A

Operculum

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24
Q

Schistosomes does not have a secondary intermediate host. The ______ is the infective stage.

A

cercaria

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25
Q

In trematodes, the first intermediate host is always a ___

A

snail

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26
Q

If you consume a contaminated snail with intestinal flukes, will you be able to get the infection or develop a parasite when you eat a snail?

A

No, because in the first intermediate host it will only be a cercaria, non-infective

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27
Q

Intestinal flukes requires ____ intermediate hosts

A

2

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28
Q

Intestinal fluke found in water vegetation (water chestnut, bamboo shoots, lotus plants)

A

Fasciolopsis buski

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29
Q

Their metacercaria can be found in their stem, leaves, flesh, and hull (chestnut)

A

Fasciolopsis buski

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30
Q

Flukes that use fishes as second intermediate hosts

A

Heterophytes and Metagonimous

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31
Q

Eggs of Fasciola and Fasciolopsis buski are similar. That’s why they are only reported as _________

A

“Presence of Fasciola/Fasciolopsis”

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32
Q

Heterophyds (Heterophyes heterophyes) and Metagonimus yokogawai also have similar eggs. That’s why it is reported as _____

A

Heterophyid eggs/ova

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33
Q

originated from/discovered in the Ilocandia regions

A

Echinostoma ilocanum

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34
Q

Echinostomasi first and second intermediate hosts are both ___

A

snails

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35
Q

Infective stage of echinostoma ilocanum & artyfechinostomum malayanum

A

metacercaria

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36
Q

Echinostomas are transmitted through

A

ingestion

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37
Q

Liver flukes:

A

Fasciola hepatica & fasciola gigantica

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38
Q

F. hepatica is a ___ liver fluke/__ liver fluke

A

sheep, temperate

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39
Q

F. gigantica is a ___ liver fluke/ __ liver fluke

A

giant, tropical

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40
Q

Which liver fluke is more common in the Philippines

A

F. gigantica

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41
Q

F. hepatica morphologically is ________ while F. gigantica is significantly ______ and resembles _____

A

Prominent cephalic cone; bigger/longer; bay/laurel leaf

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42
Q

If a Fasciola infection is ruled out in a stool exam result, we will give instructions to the patient not to eat liver or liver products for at least _____ or ______ to prevent false positive result for Fasciola.

A

72 hours or 3-5 days

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43
Q

basic parts of Fasciola

A

OS, VS, TS

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44
Q

Eggs of these cannot be differentiated

A

Fasciola

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45
Q

liver fluke also known as chinese liver fluke

A

clonorchis sinensis

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46
Q

The nickname of C.sinensis is attributed to the eating patterns of a population that consumes ____

A

raw fish

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47
Q

C. sinensis is transmitted through _____

A

ingestion

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48
Q

According to research, a Clonorchis sinensis infection increases the chance/possibility of developing _____________________ since the
metabolites produced by these flukes are carcinogenic

A

gallbladder cancer

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49
Q

liver fluke also known as “cat liver fluke”

A

Opisthorchis felineus

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50
Q

In schistosomes, some stages are not present: ________ and _____

A

metacercaria and radiae

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51
Q

Identifying C. sinensis
- testes:
- oral sucker:
- ventral sucker:

A
  • branching, opposite/oblique
  • wider than VS
  • none
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52
Q

Identifying Opisthorchis
- testes:
- oral sucker:
- ventral sucker:

A
  • lobulated, opposite/oblique
  • none
  • wider than OS
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53
Q

What is the second intermediate host of Clonorchis and Opisthorchis?

A

Fish

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54
Q

What type of eggs are produced by Clonorchis and Opisthorchis?

A

Embryonated

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55
Q

Pulmonary flukes:

A

paragonimus westermanii

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56
Q

P. westermanii infection manifest by encapsulating in the lung tissues and provokes a ________ reaction

A

granulomatous

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57
Q

P westermanii infection’ symptoms: ________ may be mistaken for PTb

A

chronic cough, rusty colored sputum, hemoptysis

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58
Q

MOC for P. westermanii infection for 7 days

A

Praziquantel

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59
Q

P. westermanii may also induce ____

A

Erratic paragonimiasis

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60
Q

Once erratic paragonimiasis reaches other parts of the body, ____ may occur. Patient may suffer from epilepsy like syndrome called ______

A

cerebral paragonimiasis, jacksonian epilepsy

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61
Q

_______ is the specimen of choice for the diagnosis of paragonimus infection

A

Sputum

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62
Q

_____ is the alternative sample specimen for paragonimus infection if sputum is not available

A

Stool

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63
Q

Adult paragonimus is ____ in shape

A

coffee bean

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64
Q

Paragonimus as an egg is ___, ___, and _____, ______

A

wide, flat tuberculum, thick abopercular end, non-embryonated

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65
Q

Blood flukes spp

A

Schistosoma

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66
Q

fluke that has no second intermediate host

A

schistosoma

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67
Q

infective stage of the schistosoma spp

A

cercaria

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68
Q

Schistosomia infection is acquired through

A

skin penetration

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69
Q

Schistosoma ___ and S. ____ has stool as specimen choice. While S. ___ has urine as specimen choice

A

japonicum and mansoni; haematobium

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70
Q

Cestodes are normally found in the ____ in its ___ form

A

small intestine, adult

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71
Q

Cestodes are transmitted through _____

A

ingestion

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72
Q

cestodes has _____ digestive system. As they have OS but no organ where they can excrete waste

A

incomplete

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73
Q

Germinal portion of the cestodes

A

neck

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74
Q

a cestode known as the broad fish tapeworm

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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75
Q

_____ competes with the reabsorption of vit b12, leading to megaloblastic/pernicious anemia

A

D. latum

76
Q

____ spp is the causative agent of sparganosis

A

Spirometra

77
Q

Spirometra are not found in the intestine but in the other parts of the body like _____

A

eyelids

78
Q

Spirometra infection is diagnosed through

A

detection of larvae in lesion

79
Q

____ also known as pork tapeworm

A

taenia solum

80
Q

T. solium has ___ as an intermediate host

A

pigs

81
Q

Ingestion of ______ or _____ of Taenia solium is infective to man. It is more serious if the man ingested it than the larva.

A

eggs or cysticercus cellulosae

82
Q

If ingested as larva, it becomes an adult worm in man; Cause intestinal discomfort, diarrhea, malabsorption, malnutrition, etc.

A

Taeniasis solium

83
Q

T. solium can be easily removed/treated by giving _____, or recovering the scolex

A

Niclosamide

84
Q

ingested eggs, became cysticercus (larval stage) in man.

A

Cysticercosis

85
Q

____ is also known as Beef tapeworm

A

Taenia saginata

86
Q

In terms of pathogenicity, which Taenia infection is more serious.

A

T. solium

87
Q

_____ is a double pored tapeworrm coined as dog and cat tapeworm

A

Dipylidium caninum

88
Q

D. caninum is also described as ____-like or _____-shaped

A

cucumber, melon

89
Q

D. caninum has two sets of _______ at its two ends

A

reproductive organ

90
Q

D. caninum infection via ingestion of __________

A

infected flea

91
Q

The final host of echinococcus spp

A

dogs

92
Q

Man is only a _____ host in echinococcus spp and wll not proceed to adult stage

A

accidental

93
Q

known as the smallest tapeworm in general

A

Echinococcus granulosa

94
Q

The smallest tapeworm in MAN

A

Hymenolepsis nana

95
Q

What stage of this parasite (Echinococcus spp.) is found in man and in other vertebrae host?

A

Larval stage or Hydatid cyst

96
Q

____ are true roundworm and sexes are separate with the female being larger than male

A

nematodes

97
Q

Life cycle of nematodes:

A

egg -> larval -> adult

98
Q

______ possesses a complete digestive tract; has a body cavity lined with muscle fibers and contains viscera

A

Nematodes

99
Q

STH groups

A

Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongylodes stercoralis, Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale, and Tricuris trichiura

100
Q

VECTOR TRANSMITTED GROUP

A

Wuchereria bancrofti, and Brugia malayi

101
Q

CONTACT TRANSMITTED

A

Enterobius vermicularis

102
Q

FOOD BORNE

A

Trichinella spiralis, Capilllaria philippinensis, Angiostrongylus cantonesis

103
Q

Most common helminth infection

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

104
Q

Most infective stage of Ascaris
lumbricoides and ingested by human

A

Embryonated egg

105
Q

______ of A.lumbricoides only contains egg yolk and not yet embryonated

A

Fertilized egg

106
Q

What do you think is the effect of the presence of ascaris infection to the eosinophil level of the blood?

A

increase of eosinophil levels is observed due to the constant migration of the worm.

107
Q

Is it normal for a child to have at least 1 ascaris lumbricoides in the small intestines?

A

No, it may be statistically low, but it is significant

108
Q

MOC for A. lumbricoides

A

Albendazole and mebendazole

109
Q

Most common worm infection in the US and is a familial infection

A

Enterobius vermicularis

110
Q

E. vermicularis is also known as ______ because it can easily spread.

A

seat/society worm

111
Q

E.vermicularis are diagnosed through

A

cellophane tape/perianal swab

112
Q

cellophane tape/perianal swab are only done for ____ only.

A

toddlers

113
Q

____ also known as whipworm

A

Trichuris trichiura

114
Q

T. trichiura’s egg is described as ____ egg

A

Japanese lantern

115
Q

One of the pathologies of Trichuris trichiuria in case of heavy worm burden in the rectum; rectum will be pushed out

A

rectal prolapse

116
Q

Human hookworms

A

Necator americanus, and ancylostoma duodenale

117
Q

N. americanus and A.duodenale only differs in their

A

dental pattern and body curvature

118
Q

N. americanus has _____ cutting plates while A. duodenale has _____ of dental pattern tru ventral teeth

A

seminular, two pairs

119
Q

N. americanus has _ -shaped body while A.duodenale has _-shaped body

A

S, C

120
Q

With N. americanus and A.duodenale, which species can suck more blood or can cause anemia/ more serious anemia?

A

A. duodenale

121
Q

If the patient has severe anemia due to hookworm, which one is to be treated first, the hookworm infection or the anemia?

A

anemia should be treated first because it can be fatal

122
Q

What is the mode of transmission of hookworm?

A

Skin penetration

123
Q

Infection caused by hookworms as a larva

A

ground itch, pneumonia

124
Q

Infection caused by hookworms as an adult

A

Iron deficiency anemia

125
Q

What are the parasites that cannot be identified by species by looking only at the egg?

A

Hookworm, Taenia, Fasciola, heterophyids

126
Q

zoonotic hookworms that when it penetrates the skin, it will just stay beneath the skin; cannot penetrate stratum germinativum

A

Larva migrans

127
Q

Hookworm infection symptoms

A

ground itch, abdominal discomfort, anemia, extreme fatigue, IQ loss

128
Q

MOC for hookworm infection

A

Albendazole

129
Q

Also known as Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Threadworm

130
Q

Causative agent of swollen belly or baby syndrome

A

strongyloides stercoralis

131
Q

S. stercoralis ____ only are known to be parasitic

A

female

132
Q

S. stercoralis disseminate infection in ______

A

immunocompromised

133
Q

S. stercoralis is a ___ parasite

A

facultative

134
Q

S. stercoralis is diagnosed through

A

detection of rhabditiform larva in stool

135
Q

parasites of monkeys; larvaes found in breastmilk

A

S. fulleborni

136
Q

also known as swamp itch; infects nutria and raccoons

A

S. myopotami & S. procyanis

137
Q

A tissue nematode that has a host that is both definitive and intermediate

A

Trichinella spiralis

138
Q

known as rat lungworm; final host being a rat

A

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

139
Q

causative agent of meninoencephelitis

A

A. cantonensis

140
Q

A. cantonensis are diagnosed through

A

biopsy

141
Q

Visceral larva migrans

A

toxocora canis and toxocaris cati

142
Q

Dracunculus medinensis is also known as

A

Guinea worm

143
Q

D. medinensis infection via ingestion of

A

infected copepods

144
Q

Filarial worms are transmitted through

A

vector

145
Q

Filarial worms that are found in the PH

A

Wuchereria bancrofti, and Brugia malayi

146
Q

W. bancrofti, loa loa, and B.malayi are the only ____

A

three sheated microfilaria

147
Q

_____ filarial worm that have nocturnal periodicity or can be recovered at night

A

W. bancrofti

148
Q

Causative agent of lymphedema and elephantiasis

A

W. bancrofti and B. malayi

149
Q

W. bancrofti causes lymphedema and elephantiasis by ____ while B. malayi does by _____

A

filariasis, filiaris

150
Q

Mosquito vector of W. bancrofti in rural areas

A

Anopheles minimus var flarirostis

151
Q

Mosquito vector of W. bancrofti in urban areas

A

Culex sp

152
Q

Mosquito vector of W. bancrofti in abaca and banana plantations

A

Aedes poecilus

153
Q

Mosquito vector of B. malayi

A

Mansonia bonnae

154
Q

Enlargement and hardening of limbs or body parts due to tissue swelling

A

Elephantiasis

155
Q

Elephantiasis is characterized by ____, _____, and _____ of the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to obstruction of lymphatic vessels

A

edema, hypertrophy, and fibrosis

156
Q

Filarial worms are diagnosed through

A

blood smear, knotts concentraton technique, and serological test (filaria circulating Ag)

157
Q

MOC for elephantiasis

A

DEC

158
Q

Enteroviasis is usually diagnosed by identifying the _____

A

Eggs in perianal swab

159
Q

In light infection of trichiuriasis, the adults may be found in

A

Caecum

160
Q

Nematode usually found in fish eating birds, infects humans who ingest raw or half cooked fresh water fish

A

Capillaria philippinensis

161
Q

Nematode infection caught from eating raw infected pork

A

Trichinella spiralis

162
Q

Helminthes that cannot be differentiated by their eggs

A

A. duodenale and N. americanus

163
Q

Uses examination of duodenal aspirates when direct fecal smear comes negative

A

S. stercolaris

164
Q

______ causes “creeping eruption”

A

A. braziliense

165
Q

Best diagnostic technique for T. spiralis

A

Muscle biopsy

166
Q

Infective state of N. americanum

A

Filariform larva

167
Q

Nematode that passes the lungs to complete its cycle

A

A. lumbricoides

168
Q

The host where the sexual reproductive stage exist

A

Definitive host

169
Q

Most accurate diagnostic technique for acute amoebic intestinal infection

A

Permanently stained smear

170
Q

Fixative/ preservatives used for stool fecal samples

A

Formalin, PVA, MIF

171
Q

The rhabditiform larva of S. stercolaris is

A

Not infective

172
Q

Solution used in direct fecal smear

A

NSS

173
Q

The most widely used fecal technique, Kato-Katz Modified Smear is

A

Quantitative

174
Q

Nematode that does not produce egg in the feces

A

S. stercoralis

175
Q

Microfilaria that causes serious eye disease and is identified with a sheath and terminal nuclei

A

Loa loa

176
Q

Causative agent of visceral larval migrans

A

T. canis

177
Q

Guitar/peanut shape egg with less prominent mucus plugs

A

C. philippinensis

178
Q

Causative agent of meningoencephalitis in man

A

A. cantonensis

179
Q

Loeffler’s syndrome is found in

A

A. lumbricoides

180
Q

Tissue nematode capable of encysting and developing in strained muscle

A

T. spiralis

181
Q

S. hematobium may cause ______

A

hematuria

182
Q

Trematode infection that can be acquired by eating raw, half-cooked or pickled fish

A

C. sinensis

183
Q

Intestinal fluke with additional 3rd genital sucker

A

H. heterophypes

184
Q

Trematode fluke similar to S. japonicum but smaller in size

A

S. mekongi

185
Q

VS are used for _____ in adult flukes

A

Attachment

186
Q

The larval stage of the trematode group are usually in the

A

Intermediate host

187
Q

Stage of schistosomes infective to mammals

A

Cercaria

Parasitology (4 decks)

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