Parasitic Helminths Flashcards
The final host could be man or vertebrate. However, the reproductive or adult stage of the parasite can be found in different parts of the body.
Trematodes
Trematodes of the venous system
Schistosoma
Trematode in the biliary tract
Clonorchis, Fasciola
Trematode of the lung
paragonimus westermani
Trematodes of the upper mesenteric vein
Schistosoma japonicum
Trematodes of the lower mesenteric vein
Schistosoma mansoni
Trematode of the kidney
Schistosoma haematobium
Clonorchis sinensis, Opistorchis, and Fasciola are trematodes found in the _________.
hepatobiliary tract
______ or ______ are all found in the small intestine
cestodes (tapeworm)
Termatodes are also known as
flukes
termatodes are all ____
hermaphroditic
Except ______ all trematodes requires 2 or more intermediate host, Metacercaria is the infective stage of, Ingestion is the MOA, leaf-like, eggs are operculated, have 2 suckers except Heterophyes heterophyes
schistosomes
Blood flukes:
Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni
LIVER FLUKES:
Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica, Clonorchis sinensis, Opistorchis viverini, Dicrocoelium dendriticum
INTESTINAL FLUKES
Fasciolopsis buski, Echinostoma ilocanum, Heterophyes heterophyes, Metagonimus yokogawai, Haplorchis taichiu, Gastrodiscoides hominis
PULMONARY FLUKES
Paragonimus westermanii
ADULT TREMATODES PART:
Connected to the intestinal caeca and vegetative in nature (food and nourishment)
Oral sucker
ADULT TREMATODES PART: Exit point of uterus (UT), where the eggs exit & Reproductive function
Ventral sucker
ADULT TREMATODES PART: Reproductive function
Uterus
ADULT TREMATODES PART: can be highly branching, simple, or dendritic
Intestine
ADULT TREMATODES PART: used for identification of species; can be globulated, round, branched
Testes
Life cycle of trematodes (8 parts)
Egg – Miracidium – sporocyst – Redia I – Redia II – Cercaria – Metacercaria – Adult
the space in the egg where the miracidium will escape.
Operculum
Schistosomes does not have a secondary intermediate host. The ______ is the infective stage.
cercaria
In trematodes, the first intermediate host is always a ___
snail
If you consume a contaminated snail with intestinal flukes, will you be able to get the infection or develop a parasite when you eat a snail?
No, because in the first intermediate host it will only be a cercaria, non-infective
Intestinal flukes requires ____ intermediate hosts
2
Intestinal fluke found in water vegetation (water chestnut, bamboo shoots, lotus plants)
Fasciolopsis buski
Their metacercaria can be found in their stem, leaves, flesh, and hull (chestnut)
Fasciolopsis buski
Flukes that use fishes as second intermediate hosts
Heterophytes and Metagonimous
Eggs of Fasciola and Fasciolopsis buski are similar. That’s why they are only reported as _________
“Presence of Fasciola/Fasciolopsis”
Heterophyds (Heterophyes heterophyes) and Metagonimus yokogawai also have similar eggs. That’s why it is reported as _____
Heterophyid eggs/ova
originated from/discovered in the Ilocandia regions
Echinostoma ilocanum
Echinostomasi first and second intermediate hosts are both ___
snails
Infective stage of echinostoma ilocanum & artyfechinostomum malayanum
metacercaria
Echinostomas are transmitted through
ingestion
Liver flukes:
Fasciola hepatica & fasciola gigantica
F. hepatica is a ___ liver fluke/__ liver fluke
sheep, temperate
F. gigantica is a ___ liver fluke/ __ liver fluke
giant, tropical
Which liver fluke is more common in the Philippines
F. gigantica
F. hepatica morphologically is ________ while F. gigantica is significantly ______ and resembles _____
Prominent cephalic cone; bigger/longer; bay/laurel leaf
If a Fasciola infection is ruled out in a stool exam result, we will give instructions to the patient not to eat liver or liver products for at least _____ or ______ to prevent false positive result for Fasciola.
72 hours or 3-5 days
basic parts of Fasciola
OS, VS, TS
Eggs of these cannot be differentiated
Fasciola
liver fluke also known as chinese liver fluke
clonorchis sinensis
The nickname of C.sinensis is attributed to the eating patterns of a population that consumes ____
raw fish
C. sinensis is transmitted through _____
ingestion
According to research, a Clonorchis sinensis infection increases the chance/possibility of developing _____________________ since the
metabolites produced by these flukes are carcinogenic
gallbladder cancer
liver fluke also known as “cat liver fluke”
Opisthorchis felineus
In schistosomes, some stages are not present: ________ and _____
metacercaria and radiae
Identifying C. sinensis
- testes:
- oral sucker:
- ventral sucker:
- branching, opposite/oblique
- wider than VS
- none
Identifying Opisthorchis
- testes:
- oral sucker:
- ventral sucker:
- lobulated, opposite/oblique
- none
- wider than OS
What is the second intermediate host of Clonorchis and Opisthorchis?
Fish
What type of eggs are produced by Clonorchis and Opisthorchis?
Embryonated
Pulmonary flukes:
paragonimus westermanii
P. westermanii infection manifest by encapsulating in the lung tissues and provokes a ________ reaction
granulomatous
P westermanii infection’ symptoms: ________ may be mistaken for PTb
chronic cough, rusty colored sputum, hemoptysis
MOC for P. westermanii infection for 7 days
Praziquantel
P. westermanii may also induce ____
Erratic paragonimiasis
Once erratic paragonimiasis reaches other parts of the body, ____ may occur. Patient may suffer from epilepsy like syndrome called ______
cerebral paragonimiasis, jacksonian epilepsy
_______ is the specimen of choice for the diagnosis of paragonimus infection
Sputum
_____ is the alternative sample specimen for paragonimus infection if sputum is not available
Stool
Adult paragonimus is ____ in shape
coffee bean
Paragonimus as an egg is ___, ___, and _____, ______
wide, flat tuberculum, thick abopercular end, non-embryonated
Blood flukes spp
Schistosoma
fluke that has no second intermediate host
schistosoma
infective stage of the schistosoma spp
cercaria
Schistosomia infection is acquired through
skin penetration
Schistosoma ___ and S. ____ has stool as specimen choice. While S. ___ has urine as specimen choice
japonicum and mansoni; haematobium
Cestodes are normally found in the ____ in its ___ form
small intestine, adult
Cestodes are transmitted through _____
ingestion
cestodes has _____ digestive system. As they have OS but no organ where they can excrete waste
incomplete
Germinal portion of the cestodes
neck
a cestode known as the broad fish tapeworm
Diphyllobothrium latum
_____ competes with the reabsorption of vit b12, leading to megaloblastic/pernicious anemia
D. latum
____ spp is the causative agent of sparganosis
Spirometra
Spirometra are not found in the intestine but in the other parts of the body like _____
eyelids
Spirometra infection is diagnosed through
detection of larvae in lesion
____ also known as pork tapeworm
taenia solum
T. solium has ___ as an intermediate host
pigs
Ingestion of ______ or _____ of Taenia solium is infective to man. It is more serious if the man ingested it than the larva.
eggs or cysticercus cellulosae
If ingested as larva, it becomes an adult worm in man; Cause intestinal discomfort, diarrhea, malabsorption, malnutrition, etc.
Taeniasis solium
T. solium can be easily removed/treated by giving _____, or recovering the scolex
Niclosamide
ingested eggs, became cysticercus (larval stage) in man.
Cysticercosis
____ is also known as Beef tapeworm
Taenia saginata
In terms of pathogenicity, which Taenia infection is more serious.
T. solium
_____ is a double pored tapeworrm coined as dog and cat tapeworm
Dipylidium caninum
D. caninum is also described as ____-like or _____-shaped
cucumber, melon
D. caninum has two sets of _______ at its two ends
reproductive organ
D. caninum infection via ingestion of __________
infected flea
The final host of echinococcus spp
dogs
Man is only a _____ host in echinococcus spp and wll not proceed to adult stage
accidental
known as the smallest tapeworm in general
Echinococcus granulosa
The smallest tapeworm in MAN
Hymenolepsis nana
What stage of this parasite (Echinococcus spp.) is found in man and in other vertebrae host?
Larval stage or Hydatid cyst
____ are true roundworm and sexes are separate with the female being larger than male
nematodes
Life cycle of nematodes:
egg -> larval -> adult
______ possesses a complete digestive tract; has a body cavity lined with muscle fibers and contains viscera
Nematodes
STH groups
Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongylodes stercoralis, Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale, and Tricuris trichiura
VECTOR TRANSMITTED GROUP
Wuchereria bancrofti, and Brugia malayi
CONTACT TRANSMITTED
Enterobius vermicularis
FOOD BORNE
Trichinella spiralis, Capilllaria philippinensis, Angiostrongylus cantonesis
Most common helminth infection
Ascaris lumbricoides
Most infective stage of Ascaris
lumbricoides and ingested by human
Embryonated egg
______ of A.lumbricoides only contains egg yolk and not yet embryonated
Fertilized egg
What do you think is the effect of the presence of ascaris infection to the eosinophil level of the blood?
increase of eosinophil levels is observed due to the constant migration of the worm.
Is it normal for a child to have at least 1 ascaris lumbricoides in the small intestines?
No, it may be statistically low, but it is significant
MOC for A. lumbricoides
Albendazole and mebendazole
Most common worm infection in the US and is a familial infection
Enterobius vermicularis
E. vermicularis is also known as ______ because it can easily spread.
seat/society worm
E.vermicularis are diagnosed through
cellophane tape/perianal swab
cellophane tape/perianal swab are only done for ____ only.
toddlers
____ also known as whipworm
Trichuris trichiura
T. trichiura’s egg is described as ____ egg
Japanese lantern
One of the pathologies of Trichuris trichiuria in case of heavy worm burden in the rectum; rectum will be pushed out
rectal prolapse
Human hookworms
Necator americanus, and ancylostoma duodenale
N. americanus and A.duodenale only differs in their
dental pattern and body curvature
N. americanus has _____ cutting plates while A. duodenale has _____ of dental pattern tru ventral teeth
seminular, two pairs
N. americanus has _ -shaped body while A.duodenale has _-shaped body
S, C
With N. americanus and A.duodenale, which species can suck more blood or can cause anemia/ more serious anemia?
A. duodenale
If the patient has severe anemia due to hookworm, which one is to be treated first, the hookworm infection or the anemia?
anemia should be treated first because it can be fatal
What is the mode of transmission of hookworm?
Skin penetration
Infection caused by hookworms as a larva
ground itch, pneumonia
Infection caused by hookworms as an adult
Iron deficiency anemia
What are the parasites that cannot be identified by species by looking only at the egg?
Hookworm, Taenia, Fasciola, heterophyids
zoonotic hookworms that when it penetrates the skin, it will just stay beneath the skin; cannot penetrate stratum germinativum
Larva migrans
Hookworm infection symptoms
ground itch, abdominal discomfort, anemia, extreme fatigue, IQ loss
MOC for hookworm infection
Albendazole
Also known as Strongyloides stercoralis
Threadworm
Causative agent of swollen belly or baby syndrome
strongyloides stercoralis
S. stercoralis ____ only are known to be parasitic
female
S. stercoralis disseminate infection in ______
immunocompromised
S. stercoralis is a ___ parasite
facultative
S. stercoralis is diagnosed through
detection of rhabditiform larva in stool
parasites of monkeys; larvaes found in breastmilk
S. fulleborni
also known as swamp itch; infects nutria and raccoons
S. myopotami & S. procyanis
A tissue nematode that has a host that is both definitive and intermediate
Trichinella spiralis
known as rat lungworm; final host being a rat
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
causative agent of meninoencephelitis
A. cantonensis
A. cantonensis are diagnosed through
biopsy
Visceral larva migrans
toxocora canis and toxocaris cati
Dracunculus medinensis is also known as
Guinea worm
D. medinensis infection via ingestion of
infected copepods
Filarial worms are transmitted through
vector
Filarial worms that are found in the PH
Wuchereria bancrofti, and Brugia malayi
W. bancrofti, loa loa, and B.malayi are the only ____
three sheated microfilaria
_____ filarial worm that have nocturnal periodicity or can be recovered at night
W. bancrofti
Causative agent of lymphedema and elephantiasis
W. bancrofti and B. malayi
W. bancrofti causes lymphedema and elephantiasis by ____ while B. malayi does by _____
filariasis, filiaris
Mosquito vector of W. bancrofti in rural areas
Anopheles minimus var flarirostis
Mosquito vector of W. bancrofti in urban areas
Culex sp
Mosquito vector of W. bancrofti in abaca and banana plantations
Aedes poecilus
Mosquito vector of B. malayi
Mansonia bonnae
Enlargement and hardening of limbs or body parts due to tissue swelling
Elephantiasis
Elephantiasis is characterized by ____, _____, and _____ of the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to obstruction of lymphatic vessels
edema, hypertrophy, and fibrosis
Filarial worms are diagnosed through
blood smear, knotts concentraton technique, and serological test (filaria circulating Ag)
MOC for elephantiasis
DEC
Enteroviasis is usually diagnosed by identifying the _____
Eggs in perianal swab
In light infection of trichiuriasis, the adults may be found in
Caecum
Nematode usually found in fish eating birds, infects humans who ingest raw or half cooked fresh water fish
Capillaria philippinensis
Nematode infection caught from eating raw infected pork
Trichinella spiralis
Helminthes that cannot be differentiated by their eggs
A. duodenale and N. americanus
Uses examination of duodenal aspirates when direct fecal smear comes negative
S. stercolaris
______ causes “creeping eruption”
A. braziliense
Best diagnostic technique for T. spiralis
Muscle biopsy
Infective state of N. americanum
Filariform larva
Nematode that passes the lungs to complete its cycle
A. lumbricoides
The host where the sexual reproductive stage exist
Definitive host
Most accurate diagnostic technique for acute amoebic intestinal infection
Permanently stained smear
Fixative/ preservatives used for stool fecal samples
Formalin, PVA, MIF
The rhabditiform larva of S. stercolaris is
Not infective
Solution used in direct fecal smear
NSS
The most widely used fecal technique, Kato-Katz Modified Smear is
Quantitative
Nematode that does not produce egg in the feces
S. stercoralis
Microfilaria that causes serious eye disease and is identified with a sheath and terminal nuclei
Loa loa
Causative agent of visceral larval migrans
T. canis
Guitar/peanut shape egg with less prominent mucus plugs
C. philippinensis
Causative agent of meningoencephalitis in man
A. cantonensis
Loeffler’s syndrome is found in
A. lumbricoides
Tissue nematode capable of encysting and developing in strained muscle
T. spiralis
S. hematobium may cause ______
hematuria
Trematode infection that can be acquired by eating raw, half-cooked or pickled fish
C. sinensis
Intestinal fluke with additional 3rd genital sucker
H. heterophypes
Trematode fluke similar to S. japonicum but smaller in size
S. mekongi
VS are used for _____ in adult flukes
Attachment
The larval stage of the trematode group are usually in the
Intermediate host
Stage of schistosomes infective to mammals
Cercaria
