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MEDI2003 Module 2 theory > Parasites and Fungi > Flashcards

Parasites and Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

What are macroconidia?

A

Large Multicellular Spores (e.g. Microsporum sp.)

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2
Q

What are microconidia?

A

Small Single Celled Spores (e.g. Penicillium sp.)

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3
Q

What is a Sporangium?

A

the Spore Sac

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4
Q

What are hyphae?

A

Threadlike structures

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5
Q

why do culture media for the isolation of fungi ad yeast often contain a chemical agent such as chloramphenicol or gentamicin?

A

these agents inhibit/stop bacterial growth on the media ensuring that only the yeast is able to grow.

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6
Q

What groups/types of people would be considered to be immunocompromised?

A

Young, elderly and sick persons (esp. those with immune disorders like AIDS or following chemotherapy).

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7
Q

Why are the lungs, the primary site of infection for many fungal diseases?

A

Due to inhalation of spores that settle in the lungs.

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8
Q

What is a dimorphic fungi?

A

Can either be yeast-like or have a filamentous form

Can be a mix of both moulds and yeasts

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9
Q

How would you report the presence of yeast cells in a Gram stain?

A

We report the colour and the shape as well as the size of the cell. This is NOT reported as Negative or Positive as yeast lacks peptidoglycan.

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10
Q

What is the name of the process by which yeast cells divide?

A

Budding

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11
Q

How is the role of a fungal spore different to a bacterial spore?

A

Fungal spores are a product of sexual and asexual reproduction in fungi, whereas in bacteria they are mechanism of survival if the bacterial organism is destroyed.

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12
Q

What is the technical name given to microconidia contained inside a spore sac?

A

Sporangiospores

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13
Q

List 4 general growth conditions that fungi prefer?

A
  1. high moisture content
  2. dark environment
  3. low pH (acidic)
  4. High glucose content
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14
Q

List the three fungal types? Give one example (genus + species) from on of these groups (name the group/type that it belongs to).

A
  1. Moulds
  2. Yeasts and yeast-like fungi - e.g. Candida albicans
  3. Dimorphic Fungi
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15
Q

What is the difference between aerial hyphae and vegetative hyphae?

A

Aerial hyphae - portion projecting above the surface, usually giving rise to reproductive spores

vegetative mycelium - Nutrient absorbing and water exchanging portion of fungus that penetrates media/tissue

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16
Q

In host parasite relationships, what is meant by the term definitive host?

A

An animal in which the parasite passes its adult existence and/or undergoes a sexual reproductive phase.

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17
Q

Name the geographical factors that can affect the distribution of parasites?

A
  • Climate
  • soil type (sand, lime)
  • Coprozoic organisms (beetles, earthworms, slugs)
  • surface water
  • vegetation
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18
Q

Name the socio-economic factors that can effect the distribution of parasites?

A
    • Housing
  • Coprophagic animals (animals that consume faeces)
  • Urbanisation
  • Economic activities
  • Domestication of animals
  • Migration, wars, tourism
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19
Q

What is the common name for Enterobius vermicularis?

A

Pinworm

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20
Q

In the lifecycle for E. vermicularis, in what location do the eggs become infective?

A

Eggs become infective outside the the body in 4-6 hours

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21
Q

Which protozoan parasite is responsible for causing diarrhoea, mucus secretion and flatulence?

A

Giardia lamblia

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22
Q

What is the definitive host for Taenia saginata?

A

Humans

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23
Q

What is the intermediate host for Taenia solium?

A

Pigs

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24
Q

What is the intermediate host for Taenia saginata?

A

Cows

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25
List 4 ways that a parasite can harm a host?
1. Mechanical injury (hookworm attaches to mucosa which causes damage) 2. Obstruction (round worm can obstruct GIT) 3. Metabolic products toxic to host (whip worm releases a toxin) 4. Host reactions/response esp. if parasite dies. (immune system gets overactive).
26
List 4 ways that a parasite may gain entry to the host?
1. Oral (faecal/oral route) 2. Percutaneous (through the skin) 3. Inhalation 4. Sexual intercourse 5. Transplacental
27
List the scientific names for the three groups of worms (flukes, tapeworms and roundworms)? name a genus and species from one of these three groups and indicate which group it belongs to.
1. Flukes - Trematodes 2. Tapeworms - Cestodes 3. Roundworms - Nematodes
28
What is a Platyhelminth?
A Flat worm
29
Name the three types of parasites
1. Helminths - worms 2. Protozoa - malaria, toxoplasmosis 3. Arthropods- louse, ticks, mites
30
What is the definition of a parasite?
A parasite is an organism living in close association with a larger organism (the host) of a different species to gain nutrition and other benefits to the detriment of the host.
31
What is an Intermediate host?
Where the parasite spends some time, but not as an adult, and with no sexual reproductive phase.
32
Name the 3 main species of Schistosomiasis
1. Schistosoma haematobium 2. Schistosoma japonicum 3. Schistosoma mansoni
33
What are the two less common species of Schistosomiasis?
1. Schistosoma mekongi (SE Asia only) | 2. Schistosoma intercalatum (stool only)
34
How big do the female Schistosoma worms get?
7-20 mm
35
What are the symptoms of Schistosomiasis?
- Fever - Cough - Abdominal pain - Diarrhoea - Hepatosplenomegaly and eosinophilia - May be asymptomatic
36
How is Schistosomiasis diagnosed and treated?
- eggs in faeces - eggs are 100-150 microns by 60 microns - can be seen under x400 objective - Treatment is with Praziquantel or Oxamniquine
37
Taenia saginata and Taenia solium are what type of worm?
Cestodes
38
In what geographical location would you fin Taenia sp.?
Worldwide
39
True or False: Humans are the only definitive host for Taenia sp.?
True
40
How long can the eggs of Taenia sp. survive in the environment?
days to months
41
What is a Cysticercus in the Taenia sp., where is it found and how long can it survive?
Cysticercus is the larvae tapeworm encased within a sac embedded in the muscle of the intermediate host. It can survive several years in this location.
42
Where in the human body does Taenia sp. grow into an adult?
In the Gastro Intestinal Tract
43
How long does it take for Taenia sp. to mature into an adult in the human GIT? How long can it survive there?
It takes 2 months for full maturation into adult species and can survive for several years in the GIT.
44
How is Taenia sp. diagnosed?
eggs within faeces
45
How large are the eggs of Taenia sp.?
30-40 microns
46
How is speciation carried out for Taenia sp.?
By examination of proglottids (sections of tapeworm broken off) or scolex (head that attached to GIT wall)
47
How do we treat Taenia sp.?
Praziquantel
48
How long after ingestion of Taenia sp. can a diagnosis be made?
after 3 months
49
How long can a Beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata) get?
4-10 meters long
50
How long can a Pork tapeworm (Taenia solium) get?
2-4 meters long
51
How is tapeworm (Taenia sp.) contracted?
By ingesting undercooked red beef and pork
52
What is thought to be the most common nematode infection?
Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis)
53
What is the source of infection of Enterobius vermicularis?
Eggs living in the environment (i.e. soil)
54
What are the signs and symptoms of Pinworm?
Anal skin irritation (esp. at night)
55
How do we treat Pinworm?
Mebendazole (Vermox) or Pyrantel pamoate (Conbantrin)
56
True or false: Pinworm is more common in adults than children.
False. It is more common in children (but can be passed to parents)
57
What is the source of infection for Giardia lamblia?
- Contaminated water | - Person to person contact (poor hygene)
58
When referring to Giardia lamblia's stages of development, what do we call the organism before it becomes a mature protozoa?
a cyst
59
What is the mature protozoa of Giardia lamblia called?
Trophozoites
60
What is the treatment for Giardia lamblia?
Metronidazole or Quinacrine
61
In Fungi, what are Spores for?
Reproduction
62
What is an important feature for the identification of fungi?
The Conidia or Conidiospores
63
Approximately how many species of Fungi cause the majority of infections?
Approx. 25 species
64
What types/s of cell are Fungi?
Unicellular and multicellular
65
There are >50,000 species of Fungi, of these how many species are Primary pathogens of man?
100-150 species
66
What type of organism are Fungi?
Eukaryotes
67
What is Mycoses
A fungal infection of the body
68
What are the 3 categories of Mycoses?
Superficial/cutaneous Subcutaneous Systemic
69
What type of organism causes the different categories of Mycoses?
Opportunistic fungi
70
What is Sabouraud agar?
A selective media for culturing fungi in the lab.
71
What is the temperature at which Fungi is grown in the lab?
Room Temp. (20-28 deg. C)
72
How long does it take to grow fungi in the lab?
28 days
73
What is a dermatophyte group and what does it infect?
A dermatophyte group is a mould that infects skin, hair and nails (feeds on keratin)
74
Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. are common contaminants of what?
Food
75
Dimorphic fungi are filamentous or yeast like at what temperatures, respectively?
Filamentous - Room Temp. | Yeast - 37 deg C
76
What are moulds?
Filamentous fungi
77
Hyphae intertwined to form a network are called?
Mycelium
78
What are the two types of mycelium?
Vegetative & | Aerial
79
Yeasts usually produce what type of colonies on agar?
discrete colonies
80
Those most susceptible to yeast infections are?
- Immunocompromised - Those being treated for other infections (such as antimicrobials) - Diabetics - Drug addicts
81
What genus of fungi causes candidiasis?
Candida sp.
82
Those at risk of Candidiasis are?
- Immunocompromised - Diabetics - pregnant women - Women on OCP - People on antibiotics - Babies (nappy rash)
83
What are the three most common species that cause Candidiasis?
- C. albicans - C. tropicalis - C. krusei

MEDI2003 Module 2 theory (5 decks)

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