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Clinical Micro > Parasites > Flashcards

Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Protozoa are/need?

A
  1. Single celled
  2. Ingest solid particles
  3. Require aquatic environment
  4. Reproduce by binary fission
  5. Classified by means of locomotion
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2
Q

Helminths are ?

A

multicellular, macroscopic “worms” with organized internal structure

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3
Q

helminths can be subdivided into ?

A

flatworms and roundworms

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4
Q

What are ectoparasites?

A

insects and arachnida found living on the skin

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5
Q

What are 4 adaptations to a parasitic existence that some organisms have adopted?

A
  1. loss of structures/enzymes
  2. pathogenic adaptations like attachment mechanisms
  3. defense mechanisms
  4. increased reproductive capacity
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6
Q

Protozoa are classified based on..

A

means of locomotion

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7
Q

What two forms do Amoebae have?

A

trophozoites (active, growing) and cyst (environmentally protected)

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8
Q

What kind of movement mechanism do amoeba use?

A

pseudopodia

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9
Q

What is a pathogenic species of amoeba?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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10
Q

What are the range of diseases that Entamoeba histolytica can cause?

A

from aymptomatic diarrhea to dystentery and liver disease

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11
Q

What is the transmission like for Entamoeba histolytica?

A

fecal oral

- contaminated water and food

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12
Q

Giardia lamblia is part of which phylum and order?

A

phylum metamonada

order diplomonadida

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13
Q

Giardia lamblia is a …. because it has..

A

flagellate, propelled by flagella

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14
Q

What gives giardia their shape?

A

rigid outer wall

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15
Q

What forms can giardia exist in?

A

cyst and troph form

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16
Q

What is the range of disease caused by giardia?

A

asymptomatic to acute/chronic diarrhea

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17
Q

What is the transmission of giardia?

A

fecal-oral and waterborne

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18
Q

What tools can you use to diagnose giardia?

A

microscopy of stool sample

EIA of antigens in stool

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19
Q

What is another flagellate (besides giardia) that does not infect the blood?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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20
Q

What does trichomonas vaginalis cause?

A

vaginitis

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21
Q

What is the transmission like for T. vaginalis ?

A

sexual

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22
Q

How do you detect T. vaginalis?

A

Microscopy of discharge (wet mount of discharge for live organisms, or gram stained for nonviable organisms) , culture (large or research centres only).

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23
Q

What is unusual about T. vaginalis compared to other flagellates

A

doesnt have a cyst form

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24
Q

Where can non-pathogenic trichomonas spp. be found?

A

in the oral cavity and gut

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25
Q

The Trypanosoma spp. are in which phylum and order?

A

phylum: euglenozoa
order: trypanosomatida

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26
Q

What are the two sp. of trypanosoma and what disease do they cause? Where? what is the vectori?

A
  1. T.b. gambiense: causes african sleeping sickness
    - spread by the tse tse fly
  2. T. cruzi: causes Chagas disease
    - spread by the reduvid bug
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27
Q

What is another flagellate that infects the blood (other that trypanosoma) and is found in tropical areas?

A

leishmania

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28
Q

What does leishmania cause?

A

Leishmaniasis

  • cutaneous or visceral infection
  • often leading to hepatosplenomegaly
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29
Q

What are 3 features of the Apicomplexa phylum?

A
  1. mature forms are non-motile
  2. obligate intracellular parasites
  3. have complex life cycles
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30
Q

What are 3 diseases caused by members of the apicomplexa phylum?

A
  1. Malaria
  2. Cryptosporidiosis
  3. Toxoplasmosis
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31
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

episodic fevers and anaemia due to lysis of RBCs

32
Q

What is used to detect malaria?

A

parasites stained on thick and thin smears of blood

33
Q

What does cryptosporidium cause?

A

watery diarrhea that can become chronic in immunosuppressed people

34
Q

How is cryptosporidium transmitted?

A

fecal-oral, water-borne, animals (zoonotic)

35
Q

How is cryptosporidium detected?

A

Microscopy of stool with special stains or detecting antigen in stool with an EIA

36
Q

What is the typical presentation of a toxoplasma gondii infection? When is it a problem?

A

Mainly asymptomatic but new infections during pregnancy can cause fetal malformations

Also infections in immunosuppressed people an issue

37
Q

How is T. gondii transmitted?

A

by poorly cooked meat or ingestion of cat stoll

38
Q

How is T. gondii detected

A

serology

39
Q

The flatworms belong to which phylum of helminths?

A

platyhelminthes

40
Q

What are the “tapeworms” called?

A

cestodes

41
Q

What are some morphological features of the cestodes?

A
  1. Ribbon like
  2. Segmented
  3. No digestive system
  4. Hermaphroditic
  5. Attach to gut wall by scolex
  6. Larval forms in tissue
42
Q

For the cestodes, who is the definitive host?

A

humans because the adult worms are found in the gut

43
Q

What happens in the intermediate hosts of cestodes?

A

larva encyst in the tissues

44
Q

How does the larval stages of the cestode get into the definitive host?

A

the definitive host eats the intermediate host and the larva can mature in the gut

45
Q

What are the 2 principle cestode pathogens and what intermediate host do they come from?

A
  1. T. saginata in beed

2. T. solium in pork

46
Q

How can you identify a cestode infection?

A

ID of ova or adult segments in stool

47
Q

What is cysticercosis?

A

T. solium larvae in the tissues forming cysts throughout the body

48
Q

How is cysticercosis transmitted?

A

Ingestion where mature proglottid ends up in the stomach, releasing the eggs that are distributed throughout the body

49
Q

The flukes are another name for the..

A

trematodes

50
Q

What are some features of trematodes?

A
  1. Leaf shaped
  2. hermaphroditic
  3. primative gut
  4. suckers for attachment
51
Q

What is different about he life cycle of the trematodes vs. the cestodes?

A

the trematodes have 2 intermediate hosts

52
Q

What pathogen that we discussed is a member of the trematodes?

A

Schistosoma spp/

53
Q

What does schistosomiasis cause?

A

inflammation, hematuria, swelling of the abdomen due to blockage

54
Q

How are schistosoma spread?

A

by penetration of the skin

55
Q

How are schistosoma infections detected?

A

ova in stool/urine depending on the species

56
Q

the “round worms” are part of which order/phylum?

A

Nematodes: Phylum Nemathelminthes

57
Q

are the nematodes hermaphroditic?

A

nope they have separate sexes

58
Q

Where do the nematodes inhabit? What do they cause

A

the GI tract

abdominal pain and discomfort

59
Q

What is an example of a pathogenic nematode?

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

60
Q

How are nematodes transmitted?

A

fecal oral

61
Q

How is a nematode infection identified?

A

recognition of ova in the stool using microscopy OR identification of adult worms

62
Q

Another type of nematode are…

A

hookworms

63
Q

What disease/pathology do hookworms cause?

A

chronic blood loss

64
Q

How are hookworms transmitted?

A

through penetration of skin by larvae

65
Q

How do you detect hookworms?

A

identification of ova or larvae in the stool

66
Q

What animal hookworm infection are you at risk of getting in the caribbean?

A

Cutaneous Larva Migrans

67
Q

Filaria cause what kind of disease?

A

elephantiasis/fevers

68
Q

Where do the adults/larvae inhabit in filarial infections?

A

Adult lives in and damages the lymphatic system

Larvae are released into the blood

69
Q

What is the transmission of filarial infections?

A

mosquito borne

70
Q

How can you detect a filarial infection?

A

staining of the parasite on a blood film

71
Q

What is the difference between ectoparasites and micropredators?

A

Ectoparasites colonize the body while micropredators only bite

72
Q

What are the two kinds of ectopredators and give 2 examples of each?

A
  1. Insects (6 legs) like fleas and lice

2. Arachnida (8 legs) like ticks and mites

73
Q

What is the definition of definitive host?

A

the organism in which the adult or sexually mature stage of the parasite lives

74
Q

What is the definition of the intermediate host?

A

the organism in which the parasite lives during a period of its development only

75
Q

What is the definition of zoonosis?

A

a parasitic disease in which an animal is normally the host - but which also infects man

76
Q

What is the definition of a vector?

A

a living carrier (i.e. arthropod) that transports a pathogenic organism from an infected to a non-infected host

Clinical Micro (28 decks)

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