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Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Protozoa are/need?

A
  1. Single celled
  2. Ingest solid particles
  3. Require aquatic environment
  4. Reproduce by binary fission
  5. Classified by means of locomotion
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2
Q

Helminths are ?

A

multicellular, macroscopic “worms” with organized internal structure

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3
Q

helminths can be subdivided into ?

A

flatworms and roundworms

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4
Q

What are ectoparasites?

A

insects and arachnida found living on the skin

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5
Q

What are 4 adaptations to a parasitic existence that some organisms have adopted?

A
  1. loss of structures/enzymes
  2. pathogenic adaptations like attachment mechanisms
  3. defense mechanisms
  4. increased reproductive capacity
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6
Q

Protozoa are classified based on..

A

means of locomotion

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7
Q

What two forms do Amoebae have?

A

trophozoites (active, growing) and cyst (environmentally protected)

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8
Q

What kind of movement mechanism do amoeba use?

A

pseudopodia

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9
Q

What is a pathogenic species of amoeba?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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10
Q

What are the range of diseases that Entamoeba histolytica can cause?

A

from aymptomatic diarrhea to dystentery and liver disease

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11
Q

What is the transmission like for Entamoeba histolytica?

A

fecal oral

- contaminated water and food

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12
Q

Giardia lamblia is part of which phylum and order?

A

phylum metamonada

order diplomonadida

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13
Q

Giardia lamblia is a …. because it has..

A

flagellate, propelled by flagella

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14
Q

What gives giardia their shape?

A

rigid outer wall

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15
Q

What forms can giardia exist in?

A

cyst and troph form

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16
Q

What is the range of disease caused by giardia?

A

asymptomatic to acute/chronic diarrhea

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17
Q

What is the transmission of giardia?

A

fecal-oral and waterborne

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18
Q

What tools can you use to diagnose giardia?

A

microscopy of stool sample

EIA of antigens in stool

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19
Q

What is another flagellate (besides giardia) that does not infect the blood?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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20
Q

What does trichomonas vaginalis cause?

A

vaginitis

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21
Q

What is the transmission like for T. vaginalis ?

A

sexual

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22
Q

How do you detect T. vaginalis?

A

Microscopy of discharge (wet mount of discharge for live organisms, or gram stained for nonviable organisms) , culture (large or research centres only).

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23
Q

What is unusual about T. vaginalis compared to other flagellates

A

doesnt have a cyst form

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24
Q

Where can non-pathogenic trichomonas spp. be found?

A

in the oral cavity and gut

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25
The Trypanosoma spp. are in which phylum and order?
phylum: euglenozoa order: trypanosomatida
26
What are the two sp. of trypanosoma and what disease do they cause? Where? what is the vectori?
1. T.b. gambiense: causes african sleeping sickness - spread by the tse tse fly 2. T. cruzi: causes Chagas disease - spread by the reduvid bug
27
What is another flagellate that infects the blood (other that trypanosoma) and is found in tropical areas?
leishmania
28
What does leishmania cause?
Leishmaniasis - cutaneous or visceral infection - often leading to hepatosplenomegaly
29
What are 3 features of the Apicomplexa phylum?
1. mature forms are non-motile 2. obligate intracellular parasites 3. have complex life cycles
30
What are 3 diseases caused by members of the apicomplexa phylum?
1. Malaria 2. Cryptosporidiosis 3. Toxoplasmosis
31
What are the symptoms of malaria?
episodic fevers and anaemia due to lysis of RBCs
32
What is used to detect malaria?
parasites stained on thick and thin smears of blood
33
What does cryptosporidium cause?
watery diarrhea that can become chronic in immunosuppressed people
34
How is cryptosporidium transmitted?
fecal-oral, water-borne, animals (zoonotic)
35
How is cryptosporidium detected?
Microscopy of stool with special stains or detecting antigen in stool with an EIA
36
What is the typical presentation of a toxoplasma gondii infection? When is it a problem?
Mainly asymptomatic but new infections during pregnancy can cause fetal malformations Also infections in immunosuppressed people an issue
37
How is T. gondii transmitted?
by poorly cooked meat or ingestion of cat stoll
38
How is T. gondii detected
serology
39
The flatworms belong to which phylum of helminths?
platyhelminthes
40
What are the "tapeworms" called?
cestodes
41
What are some morphological features of the cestodes?
1. Ribbon like 2. Segmented 3. No digestive system 4. Hermaphroditic 5. Attach to gut wall by scolex 6. Larval forms in tissue
42
For the cestodes, who is the definitive host?
humans because the adult worms are found in the gut
43
What happens in the intermediate hosts of cestodes?
larva encyst in the tissues
44
How does the larval stages of the cestode get into the definitive host?
the definitive host eats the intermediate host and the larva can mature in the gut
45
What are the 2 principle cestode pathogens and what intermediate host do they come from?
1. T. saginata in beed | 2. T. solium in pork
46
How can you identify a cestode infection?
ID of ova or adult segments in stool
47
What is cysticercosis?
T. solium larvae in the tissues forming cysts throughout the body
48
How is cysticercosis transmitted?
Ingestion where mature proglottid ends up in the stomach, releasing the eggs that are distributed throughout the body
49
The flukes are another name for the..
trematodes
50
What are some features of trematodes?
1. Leaf shaped 2. hermaphroditic 3. primative gut 4. suckers for attachment
51
What is different about he life cycle of the trematodes vs. the cestodes?
the trematodes have 2 intermediate hosts
52
What pathogen that we discussed is a member of the trematodes?
Schistosoma spp/
53
What does schistosomiasis cause?
inflammation, hematuria, swelling of the abdomen due to blockage
54
How are schistosoma spread?
by penetration of the skin
55
How are schistosoma infections detected?
ova in stool/urine depending on the species
56
the "round worms" are part of which order/phylum?
Nematodes: Phylum Nemathelminthes
57
are the nematodes hermaphroditic?
nope they have separate sexes
58
Where do the nematodes inhabit? What do they cause
the GI tract abdominal pain and discomfort
59
What is an example of a pathogenic nematode?
Ascaris lumbricoides
60
How are nematodes transmitted?
fecal oral
61
How is a nematode infection identified?
recognition of ova in the stool using microscopy OR identification of adult worms
62
Another type of nematode are...
hookworms
63
What disease/pathology do hookworms cause?
chronic blood loss
64
How are hookworms transmitted?
through penetration of skin by larvae
65
How do you detect hookworms?
identification of ova or larvae in the stool
66
What animal hookworm infection are you at risk of getting in the caribbean?
Cutaneous Larva Migrans
67
Filaria cause what kind of disease?
elephantiasis/fevers
68
Where do the adults/larvae inhabit in filarial infections?
Adult lives in and damages the lymphatic system Larvae are released into the blood
69
What is the transmission of filarial infections?
mosquito borne
70
How can you detect a filarial infection?
staining of the parasite on a blood film
71
What is the difference between ectoparasites and micropredators?
Ectoparasites colonize the body while micropredators only bite
72
What are the two kinds of ectopredators and give 2 examples of each?
1. Insects (6 legs) like fleas and lice | 2. Arachnida (8 legs) like ticks and mites
73
What is the definition of definitive host?
the organism in which the adult or sexually mature stage of the parasite lives
74
What is the definition of the intermediate host?
the organism in which the parasite lives during a period of its development only
75
What is the definition of zoonosis?
a parasitic disease in which an animal is normally the host - but which also infects man
76
What is the definition of a vector?
a living carrier (i.e. arthropod) that transports a pathogenic organism from an infected to a non-infected host

Clinical Micro (28 decks)

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