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Clinical Microbiology Exam 2 > Parasites > Flashcards

Parasites Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What is a definitive host?

A

one is which a parasite reproduces

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1
Q

What are the life stages of parasites?

A

Egg
immatures=larve(nymph)
adults

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2
Q

What is an intermediate host?

A

one in which development occurs, but no reproduction

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3
Q

How do you diagnose intestinal parasites, blood parasites, and tissue parasites?

A

intestinal parasites- fecal specimens
blood parasites- thick and thin specimens
tissue parasites- biopsy, especially muscle

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4
Q

What are the two types of eukaryotic single celled parasites?

A

the protozoa and sporozoa

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5
Q

What are the three categories of protozoa?

A

amoebae, flagellated protozoa, and ciliated protozoa

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6
Q

What is the one type of amoebae given?

A

entamoeba histolytica

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7
Q

what does entamoeba histolytica cause?

A

amebic dysentery

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8
Q

What are the two life stages of entamoeba histolytica?

A

trophozoite- the active feeding stage, pseudopods

cyst- similiar to endospore, resistant to environment and infective

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9
Q

How is entamoeba histolytica transmitted?

A

cyst is ingested from contaminated foor, water-use of night soil(poop collected in buckets at night and used as manure) increases chance of contamination. can be vectored by flies

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10
Q

What does entamoeba histolytica cause?

A

cysts rupture in intestine causing bloody diarrhea, if trophozoites enter blood move to liver causing hepatic amebiasis- a collection of puss in the liver

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11
Q

What are the 7 types of flagellated protozoa?

A 
1 Giardia lamblia 
2 Trichomonas vaginalis 
3 Trypanosoma brucei
4 Trypanosoma cruzi 
5 Leishmania donovani 
6 Leishmania tropica 
7 Leishmania braziliensis
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12
Q

What is beaver fever?

A

Giardia lamblia

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13
Q

What are the two life stages of giardia lambia?

A

trophozoite- the active feeding stage

cyst- similiar to endospore, resistant to environment and infective

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14
Q

How is giardia lamblia transmitted and what is its reservoir?

A

Cysts ingested in contaminated water near beaver populations since beavers are the reservoir

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15
Q

what does giardia lamblia cause?

A

the cyst excysts in intestine, reproduces and covers the intestinal wall…it interferes with fat absorption, causing fatty stools and diarrhea

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16
Q

What does the 2nd flagellated protozoa trichomonas vaginalis cause and what are the stages of it?

A

it is the cause of trichomoniasis
trophozite has 4 flagella
NO CYST form

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17
Q

How is trichomonas vaginalis transmitted and what does it cause?

A

trophozites are passed sexually causing urogenital infections
the pathology is green discharge, itching in females and urethritis in males

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18
Q

What do trypanosomes cause?

A

they cause trypanosomiasis

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19
Q

What causes African sleeping sickness?

A

Trypanosoma brucei

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20
Q

what is the life stage of trypanosoma brucei?

A

life stage is protozoa form called trypanosome, no cyst

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21
Q

how is trypanosoma brucei transmitted?

A

is vectored by the Tse-Tse fly

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22
Q

What is the pathology of tryanosoma brucei?

A

in vertebrate host tryponosomes live in the blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and CSF. They do not invade or live in cells but rather in tissue spaces particularly in CNS. Within a few days the animals become emaciated, uncoordinated, and paralyzed…then dies. humans tend to experience mental dullness, tendency to sleep, and finally coma and death

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23
Q

What does trypanosma cruzi cause?

A

Chagas’ disease (Mexico, South, Central America)

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24
Q

What type of single celled parasite is trypanosoma cruzi?

A

flagellated protozoa

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25
Q

What is the life stage of trypanosoma cruzi?

A

life stage is protozoa form called trypanosome, no cys t

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26
Q

What is the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

is vectored by the reduviid bug (kissing bug) via defacation by bug into wound

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27
Q

What is the pathology of acute Chagas’ disease?

A

Caused by trypanosoma cruzi -
small red nodule called chagoma at bite site
heart, liver, lymph nodes and spleen are infected
symptoms include anemia, nervous disorders, muscle and bone pain, heart failure
death may ensure after 3 to 4 weeks
Most common in children

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28
Q

Pathology of chronic Chagas’ disease?

A

Caused by tryponsoma cruzi
symptoms are primarily nervous disfunction which may continue for years
individual may be virtually asymptomatic and suddenly die of heart failure

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29
Q

What does leichmania donovani cause and what is it called?

A

it causes visceral leishmaniasis and is called Kala-azar

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30
Q

How is leishmania donovani transmitted?

A

it is vectored by the sandfly

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31
Q

What is the pathology of Leishmania donovani?

A

Invades liver, spleen, and kidney

Causes enlarged liver, spleen, wasting and finally death if untreated in 2-3 years

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32
Q

What happens after treatment of Kala-azar?

A

a condition known as post-Kala-azar dermal leishmanoid=this is a granulomatis reaction on the skin about 2-3 years after treated

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33
Q

What does leishmania tropica cause?

A

Cutaneous leishmaniasis or oriental sore

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34
Q

How is Leishmania tropica transmitted?

A

It is vectored by the sandfly

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35
Q

What is the pathology of leishmania tropica?

A

red papule form sandfly bite, slow to heal, and scar

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36
Q

What causes mucocutaneous leishmaniasis? what is it also called?

A

Laishmania braziliensis and is also called esplundia

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37
Q

How is leishmania braziliensis transmitted?

A

it si vectored by the sandfly

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38
Q

what is the pathology for leishmania braziliensis?

A

lesions in the junction of the pharynx result in the breakdown of the palate of the mouth and nose

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39
Q

What is the one type of ciliated protozoa?

A

Balantidium coli

40
Q

what does balantidium coli cause?

A

ciliary dysentery

41
Q

What are the life types of balantidium coli?

A

large ciliated trophozoite form

cyst form is present

42
Q

How is balantidium coli transmitted?

A

Transmitted by fecal contaminated water, particularly associated with infected pig feces

43
Q

What is the pathology of balantidium coli?

A

abdominal pain, watery, bloody stools

44
Q

The next single celled parasite is the sporozoa. What are the 3 types?

A

Plasmodium
Toxoplasma
Cryptospordium parvum

45
Q

what does plasmodium cause?

A

Malaria

46
Q

What are the 3 life stages of the palsmodium?

A 
Sporozoites= released from mosquito into human host, go to liver, under go asexual reproduction to produce merozoites 
Merozoites= infect and destroy red blood cells causing symptoms of malaria 
Gametocytes= produced as a result of erythrocytic stage in RBC, taken up by a female mosquito
47
Q

In vertebrates what are the two cycles that plasmodium undergoes?

A

Exoerythrocytic stage- in liver

Erythrocytic stage- in RBCs

48
Q

What is the malarial pigment from?

A

merozoites in RBCs produce waste product called malarial pigment

49
Q

How is plasmodium transmitted?

A

vectored by Anopheles mosquitos

50
Q

What are the 4 species of plasmodium?

A

Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium ovale

51
Q

What does toxoplasma cause?

A

taxoplasmosis

52
Q

What is the official name of toxoplasma?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

53
Q

What host does toxoplasma gondii like?

A

very low host specificity

54
Q

what is the definitive host of toxoplasma gondii?

A

domestic and wild cats

55
Q

What are the life stages of toxoplasma gondii?

A

sporozoites are infectious form

sporozoites are within oocyst that passes out in feces

56
Q

How is taxoplasma gondii transmitted?

A

ingestion of undercooked infected meat containing toxoplasma oocysts
ingestion of the oocyst from fecally contaminated hands or food
Transplacental transmission

57
Q

What is the pathology of toxoplasma gondii?

A

Usually an asymptomatic infection in immunocompetent people
Most sommon cause of intercerebral brain lesions in people with AIDS
Can invade the CNS and may cause blindness, encephalitis, and mental retardation
Infection during 1st trimester is most damaging. Congenital toxoplasma can result in the baby

58
Q

What is the last (3rd) sporozoa?

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

59
Q

Where do you get Cryptosporidium parvum and what does it cause?

A

It is difficult to detect in water and ingestion of cysts cause watery diarrhea similiar to giardia infection

60
Q

What are Nematodes?

A

round worms

61
Q

What are the 3 types of roundworms transmitted by ingestion of the ova?

A

1 Ascaris lumbricoides
2 Trichuris trichiura
3 Enterobius vermicularis

62
Q

What is special about Ascaris lumbricoides?

A

largest nematode parasitizing the human intestine

63
Q

What is the pathology of Ascaris lumbricoides?

A

Adult worms usually cause no acute symptoms, although may cause stunted growth
High amounts of worms in you may cause abdominal pain and intestinal destruction
Migrating worms may block bile duct
During the lung phase of larval migration pulmonary symptoms may occur

64
Q

What is the scientific name of the whip worm?

A

Trichuritis trichiura

65
Q

What is the pathology of the trichuritis trichiura?

A

Fewer thn 100 worms rarely cause symptoms, and the majority of infections are asymptomatic
Heavy worm burden results in:
Anemia- consume blood cells
Damage to epithelial layer can lead to secondary bacterial infection
in extreme cases prolapse of the rectum can occur

66
Q

The last of the round worms transmitted by ingestion of ova is?????

A

Enterobius vermicularis

67
Q

What is another name for Enterobius vermicularis?

A

The pin worm and humans are considered to be the only hosts

68
Q

What are some of the unique features of the life cycle of enterobius vermicularis?

A

the adult female worm is nocturnal and migrates out of the intestine at night and lays an=bout 20000 eggs on the perianal skin at night. The eggs are transferred to the fingernails by scratching…leading to the eggs being ingested. Eggs then begin the life cycle in the intestines all over again

69
Q

What are the 3 types of roundworms transmitted by direct penetration of infectious larvae?

A

1 Ancylostoma duodenale and necator americans
2 Ancylostoma braziliense
3 Strongyloides stercoralis

70
Q

What is the other name for both ancylostoma duodenale and necator?

A

American hookworm

71
Q

What is notable about the life cycle of the american hookworm?

A

adult female lays 10-20000 eggs a day in intestine- they feed on bacteria in feces- grow up can penetrate bare skin and eventually moves to the lungs

72
Q

Pathology of the american hookworm?

A

They can cause lung issues and adult worms feed on blood in the small intestine leading to anemia and malnutrition

73
Q

What is another name for Ancylostoma braziliense?

A

dog and cat hook worm

74
Q

What is the life cycle like of the Ancylostoma braziliense? aka dog and cat hook worm

A

larva penetrate skin and wander- life cycle is not complete in humans and the wander aimlessly causing creeping eruption-intense itching and eosinophilia

75
Q

Last of the round worms that has direct penetration of the larva…this one alternates between free-living and parasitic forms?

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

76
Q

What are the 3 types of round worm tissue parasites?

A

1 Anisaka
2 Trichinella spiralis
3 Filarial worms 2 types

77
Q

Which parasite is in the stomach of marine fish and birds?

A

Anisaka

78
Q

how do you get anasaka? what does it cause and is there a treatment?

A

you get it from ingesting raw fish…it causes intestinal obstruction, pain nausea and vomitting…no drug…surgical only

79
Q

The 2nd of the round worm tissue parasites is trichinella spiralis. what is its host?

A

low host specificity, bears, pigs, rats

80
Q

What is unique abbout the life cycle of trichinella spiralis?

A

larva are carried via blood to the muscle where they encyst…if not consumed they die and calcify…a human is a dead end host

81
Q

What is the pathology like for Trichinella spiralis?

A

light infections may be symptomatic
larval migrations can cause edema, conjunctivitis, fever, and rashes
occasionally can be life threatening

82
Q

What are the two types of filarial worms?

A

Wuchereria bancroft and onchocerca

83
Q

What is wuchereria bancroft also known as?

A

elephantiasis

84
Q

What is the vector for wuchereria bancrofti?

A

mosquito

85
Q

Where does wuchereria bancrofti cause the most issues?

A

in the lymphatic system…can cause inflammation…lymph nodes become swollen
in males: scrotum, legs
in females: legs
only circulate in the blood at night

86
Q

what is the 2nd type of filarial worm?

A

Onchocerca volvulus

87
Q

What does onchocerca volculus cause?

A

river blindness

88
Q

What is special about onchocerca volvulus worms?

A

They form nodules under the skin and eventually migrate up through the skin to the eyes. When they do this they cause inflammation “lizard skin” the larvae may cause blindness

89
Q

Flat worms are aka?

A

platyhelminthes

90
Q

Trematoda is a class in which phylum and what is another name for them?

A

flukes in the phylum platyhelminthees

91
Q

What are the 4 types of trematoda?

A

1 Fasciola hepatica
2 Clonorchis sinesis
3 Fasciolopsis buski
4 Schistosomes: the blood flukes

92
Q

The 1st trematoda is know as the liver fluke what is the scientific name?

A

Fascoila hepatica

93
Q

Describe fasciola hepatica

A

large leaf-shaped parasite of herbivores, that can infect humans accidentally

94
Q

The 2nd trematoda is known as the chinese liver fluke what is the other name for it?

A

Clonorchis sinensis

95
Q

describe the chinese liver fluke

A

aka clonorchis sinesis and the worm matures in the bile ducts and produces up to 4000 eggs a day for atleast 6 months

96
Q

The third trematoda in known as the giant intestinal fluke…scientific name?

A

Fasciolopsis buski

97
Q

the 4th trematoda matures in the blood stream. name?

A

Schistosomes: the blood flukes

Has seperate male and female worms

Clinical Microbiology Exam 2 (3 decks)

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