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Infectious Diseases - Ana Rangel > Parasites > Flashcards

Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Size of small strongyles vs Large strongyles

A

Small: 1.5 cm x 1 mm
Large: 1.5 - 4.5 cm x 2 mm

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2
Q

Morphologic difference between small and large strongyles

A

Large have a substantial buccal capsule that allow them to strongly attache to the mucosa. Smalls don’t have a strong buccal capsule

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3
Q

Mention the most important Strongyle subspecies (3)

A
  1. Vulgaris
  2. Edentatus
  3. Equinus
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4
Q

Where do this parasites migrate?
1. Vulgaris
2. Edentatus
3. Equinus

A
  1. Vulgaris: Blood vessels (cranial mesenteric artery)
  2. Edentatus: Liver and retroperitoneum
  3. Equinus: Liver and pancreas
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5
Q

Prepatent period of large strongyles

A

6-7 months

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6
Q

Prepatent period of small strongyles

A

6- 10 weeks

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7
Q

Prepatent period of:
1. S. edentatus
2. S. equinus

A
  1. 10-12 months
  2. 9 months
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8
Q

Describe life cycle of Strongylus vulgaris

A

Ingestion of L3
Absorbed small intestine
Travel blood vessels
Develop to L4
L4 gets to cecum and ventral colon
Adults - produce eggs
Eggs will feed from manure and convert to L1-L2-L3
Infecting again

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9
Q

Describe migration and stages of S. edentatus

A

S. edentatus: L3 is the one migrating, arrived to liver and develop to L4, when L4 will produce nodules that will break into large colon

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10
Q

Describe migration and stages of S. equinus

A

L4 is the one that will migrate and stay in pancreas, after mature will travel to large colon and become adult

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11
Q

Lessions that Strongylus vulgaris will cause in the GI

A

Verminous aneurysm or thromboembolism of the cranial mesenteric artery will result in ischemia of the GI

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12
Q

If you do a fecal float and see strongyles, how do you differentiate between small and large and which percentage will be each?

A

You cannot differentiate of the eggs are from small or large. But previous evidence will claim that about 95% will be small

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13
Q

Other than a fecal egg account, what other diagnosis you have to differentiate small vs large strongyles ?

A

Fecal culture - give conditions for the eggs to growth
PCR - will differentiate types of subfamilies of strongyles

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14
Q

Pathologic findings in Strongylus vulgaris

A

Hemomelasma ilei (1 cm haemorrhage in serosa of ileum)
Arterial thrombi
Arterial walls thickened or fibrosis

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15
Q

4 clases of dewormers used in horses

A
  1. Benzimidazoles : Fenbendazole
  2. Heterocyclic compounds: Piperazine
  3. Macrocyclic lactones: Iver/Moxide
  4. Tetrahydro-pyramidines : Pyrantel
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16
Q

Pre-patent period of small strongyles

A

6-10 weeks

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17
Q

Describe cycle of small strongyles

A

L3 ingestion - invade mucosa and submucosa of the cecum and ventral colon - EL3-LL3-EL4-LL4- adults - eggs - growth in manure - L1-L2-L3

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18
Q

For how long Strongyles eggs can live in the pasture?

A

> 2.5 years

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19
Q

When does small strongyles could cause a clinical problem?

A

When all the encysted died or emerge at the same time

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20
Q

When is the ideal season of the year for encysted strongyles to emerge?

A

Late winter, later summer and autumn

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21
Q

Pathological findings of small strongyles

A

Tubular glands in the large intestine leading to goblet cell hyperplasia
Hyperplasia and hypertrophy and destructions of the glands

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22
Q

How can you see if there is resistance to dewormers?

A

Fecal egg count reduction

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23
Q

How to perform fecal egg count reduction?

A

Before and after 2 weeks of the treatment:
EPG (preTX) - EPG (postTX) / EPG (preTx)/100=
> 90% pyrantel
>95% the rest
Do not do it if less 200 eggs initially

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24
Q

How does large strongyles travel thru the arteries?

A

They travel to the endothelium of the blood vessels

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25
Q

What’s the infective larve form of Parascaris?

A

L2

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26
Q

Clinical signs of Strongyloides in foals

A
  1. Diarrhea
  2. Frenzied syndrome (itchy because larvae are in skin)
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27
Q

Forma of transmission of Strongyloides westeri

A
  1. Skin
  2. Oral - mucous membranes
  3. Udder (skin or milk)
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28
Q

Prepatent period of Strongyloides westeri

A

14-16 days

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29
Q

How does a foal get Strongyloides westeri

A

Thru the milk that contains the larvae or sucking around and licking at the skin (larvae on the skin)

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30
Q

Reproductive characteristics of Strongyloides westeri cycle

A

It doesn’t need a male to fecund the egg
It can complete the cycle outside of the host

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31
Q

How does Strongyloides westeri travels from the sling to small intestine?

A

Skin, Blood vessels, heart, and small intestine

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32
Q

Describe cycle of Parascaris equorum

A

L2 infective form, swallow, small intestine, enteric circulation, liver l4, lungs, breaks in the capillaries of the alveoli, travel thru the trachea, cough, swallow and small intestine (adults)

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33
Q

Prepatent period of Parascaris

A

2 months

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34
Q

Deworming option for Parascaris

A

Fenbendazole

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35
Q

Deworming option for Strongyloides westeri

A

Moxidectin

36
Q

Prevalence of Strongyloides westeri

A

1.5%

37
Q

Mention the three species of anophocephala

A
  1. Perfoliata
  2. Magna
  3. Manillana
38
Q

Prepatent period of A. Perfoliata

A

6-16 weeks

39
Q

What kind of cycle does A. Perfoliata has? Direct or Indirect?

A

Indirect because it has an intermediate host

40
Q

Which is the intermediate host of A. Perfoliata?

A

Oribatid mites

41
Q

Mention where do these parasites settle in the GI tract:
1. A. Perfoliata
2. A. Magna
3. A. Mamillana

A
  1. Perfoliata: ileocecal valve
  2. Magna and
  3. Mamillana: small intestine
42
Q

Why is hard to see proglotids in manure?

A

Because they are ingested in the large colon

43
Q

Describe the life cycle of A. Perfoliata

A

Ingestion of the infective cysticercoid within the mite, attached to the GI mucosa in large intestine, proglotid development, production of eggs, eggs in feces will chemoatract mites, mites will eat it and oncosphere will develops until their infective cysticercoid form

44
Q

Prevalence of A. Perfoliata

A

Will vary depending on the state from 20-40-50%
But for sure yearling more prevalent

45
Q

How can you diagnose A. Perfoliata?

A

ELISA or special fecal float with sugar saturated solution or zinc sulfate

46
Q

Main clinical signs related to A. Perfoliata ?

A

Ileocecal intusuception
Some cases related with cecal impactions

47
Q

Top choice dewormer for A Perfoliata

A

Ivermectin +/- Praziquantel

48
Q

Which part of GI tract does Oxyurus stays?

A

Small colon and dorsal colon

49
Q

Describe life cycle of Oxyurus

A

Ingestion if L3, hatched out in the mucosa of the large colon, L4, attached to proximal large intestine, molt to adult, move to distal colon, female will come out overnight to put eggs around the anus

50
Q

Main clinical signs of Oxyurus

A

Itchy ass, alopecia in the case of the tail

51
Q

How can you Dx Oxyurus ?

A

Scotch tape
Tongue depressor with mineral oil
Look under microscope

52
Q

Two main clinical signs that horses can get with Anophlocephala Perfoliata

A

Cecal intusuception
Ileocecal intusuception

53
Q

Best dewormer for tape worms

A

Praziquantel

54
Q

Gasterophilus species that affect the horse

A

G. intestinal
G. nasals
G. pecorum
G. haemorrhoidalis

55
Q

Life cycle of Gasterophilus

A

Botflies are in legs, many and flanks - horse eats it - attached in gastric mucosa - detach spring and early summer - passed in feces - under the soil - pulpate - adult flies - place eggs again in their bodies

56
Q

Is the only Gasterophilus specie that place eggs in the grass not in horses body

A

G. pecorum

57
Q

Which Gasterophilus specie lay eggs in the nose?

A

G. haemorrhoidalis

58
Q

Which Gasterophilus specie can cause gingival necrosis

A

G. nasalis

59
Q

Treatment/Management recommendations for Gasterophilus control

A

Ivermectin
Control flies
Clipping hair
Removing eggs

60
Q

Synonyms of Habronemiasis

A

Summer sores
Bursatti
Swamp cancer

61
Q

Main species of Habronema that affects horses

A
  1. Habronema muscle
  2. Habronema mujus (microstoma)
  3. Draschia megastoma
62
Q

Which Habronema species can be found free in the mucousa of the stomach (glandular)

A

H. muscae and H. mujus

63
Q

Which Habronema specie is the inly one that can cause granulomatose masses in the glandular mucosa of the stomach?

A

Draschia megastoma

64
Q

Characteristic if granulomas creates from Draschia megastoma?

A

Granulomas have an opening from where the larvae will come out to the stomach

65
Q

How does Strongyloides Western pass to the foal?

A

The foal will eat it from the skin and also eggs can be found in the milk

66
Q

Describe life cycle of Habronemiasis

A

Larvae will be in the mouth, eyes, wound, penis or prepares (moist areas), horse will ingested, passed to feces as L1, flies will eat eat, mature to L3 and sit in the mouthparts, eggs will be laid in the same moist sites

67
Q

What is the pathogenesis for the lesions found in habronemiasis?

A

Hypersensitivity IgE mediated to the larvae

68
Q

Main clinical signs of Habronemiasis

A

Granulomatous ulcerative lesions
+/- prurito
Rare: pulmonary habronemiasis

69
Q

Differentials for Habronemiasis

A
  1. Phycomycosis
  2. Zygomycosis
  3. Fungal granulomas
  4. Exuberant granulation tissue
70
Q

How do you diagnose habronemiasis?

A

Gross appearance of the lesions
Smears and biopsy: may see the larvae
eosinophils / mast cell infiltration

71
Q

Treatment for habronemiasis

A

Ivermectin
Treatment of the lesion: Organophosphates, corticosteroids and DMSO

72
Q

Name of parasite - Lungworm infection

A

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi

73
Q

Reservoir of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi

A

Doneys and mules

74
Q

Prevalence of Dyctyocaulus arnfieldi (horses, donkeys and mules)

A

Horses 2-11%
Mules 29%
Donkeys 68-80%

75
Q

Clinical signs of lungworm

A

Donkeys and mules - no clinical signs
Horses - cough, expiratory effort, mimic asthma clinical signs (crackles and wheezes)

76
Q

Describe life cycle of Dyctocaulus arnfieldi

A

Horse will ingest L2- get to the gut-travel through lymphatics, arrive lungs - L4-maturation in peripheral bronchioles and been in adult stage-eggs-mucocilliary and pharynx traveling-swallow-GI- excreted in poop

77
Q

Diagnosis of Dyctocaulus arnfieldi

A

Clinical sings + donkeys interaction
Endoscopy:may see parasites
BAL: worms + eosinophils

78
Q

Treatment for Dyctocaulus arnfieldi

A

Ivermectin
Moxidectin

79
Q

Species of Onchocerca that affect horses

A

O. gutturosa
O. reticulate
O. cervicalis

80
Q

Location site of the adults of:
1. O. gutturosa
2. O. reticulate
3. O. cervicalis

A
  1. Gutturosa: nucal ligament
  2. Reticulate: tendons and suspensory ligament
  3. Cervicalis: nucal ligament, ventral midline, pectoral area, whothers inguinal and eyelids
81
Q

Which is the most common onchocerca specie in horses

A

O. cervicalis

82
Q

Intermittent host of Onchocerca

A

Culicoides (for all)
Mosquitos (cervicalis)
Simulium (gutturosa)

83
Q

Pathogenesis of onchocerciasis

A

Cutaneous lesions - type I and III hypersensitivity to microfilariae

84
Q

Clinical signs of Onchocerca

A

Cutaneous lesions
Secondary immune mediates uveitis
Thinning of the hair and crusting
Pruritus
Vitiligo
Other eye problems

85
Q

Diagnosis for Onchocerca

A

Skin scrapings and direct smears blood from lesions: sometimes presence of parasite
Minced skin biopsy
Biopsy incubation - look foe microfilaria

86
Q

Treatment for Onchocerciasis

A

Ivermectin
usually improves in 2-3 week period

87
Q

Differential diagnosis for Onchocerca

A

Culicoides hypersensitivity
Dermatophytosis
Fly-bite dermatosis
Mites
Food hypersensitivity

Infectious Diseases - Ana Rangel (2 decks)

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