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Infectious Diseases - Ana Rangel > Bacterial diseases > Flashcards

Bacterial diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Types of toxicity of Clostridial diseases (3) - depending in kind of tissue damage

A

1 Enterotoxic
2 Histotoxic
3 Neurotoxic

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2
Q

What Clostridium types are related to enterotoxin diseases?

A
  1. Clostridium perfringes
  2. Clostridioides difficile
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3
Q

Clasification in general of Clostridial bacteria

A

Anaerobic
Gram (+)
Sporulated rods

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4
Q

Which is the only Clostridial bacteria that is Gram -

A

Clostridium piliforme

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5
Q

For most of all Clostridium diseases infection is needed, except for __________, that ingestion of the toxin will cause the disease

A

Botulism

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6
Q

What is the purpose of sporulation in this type of bacteria?

A

That can pass in between hosts in a vegetative form and is resistant to a los of adversities in the environment

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7
Q

How many toxotypes are identified in the family of Clostridium perfringes ?

A

7
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,

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8
Q

Which serotypes of C. Perfringens are the most commonly associated with enteric disease in horses (foals)?

A

Type A, B and C

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9
Q

What are the main toxins identified in Clostridial enteric diseases ?

A

CPA - alpha
CPB - beta
ETX - epsilon
ITX - iota
CPE - enterotoxin
NeTB
NetF

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10
Q

Which toxins does C. perfringes type A and B the codify?

A

Type B : CPA, CPB and ETX
Type C: CPA, CPB2, PFG, TPEL

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11
Q

Why is believed that foals are more susceptible to C. Dif?

A

Because colostrum has calostral trypsin inhibitors that protects the toxins from degradation by trypsin in the stomach

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12
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Clostridium perfringens

A
  1. Spores ingested from feces or soil, 2. Trypsin inhibitors prevents lysis of CPB, 3. Bacterial colonization in intestinal mucosa, 4. CPB toxin damage endothelial cells and create cell pores
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13
Q

How does CPB toxin cause cell death?

A
  1. Create cell pores (Ca+, Na+ and Cl- in the cell and K+ escapes the cell)
  2. Endothelia damage : vascular damage, thrombosis and necrosis
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14
Q

Typical gross pathologic lesions in C. perfringens

A

Ulcerative enteritis (diffuse or multifocal)
Orange pseudomembrane
Endotoxemia lesions

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15
Q

Histophatological findings in C. perfringens

A

Hemorrhagic and necrotizing enteritis/colitis

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16
Q

Best diagnosis tools for C. perfringens

A

ELISA - CPBtoxin
PCR - bacteria but bacteria may not be always present

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17
Q

NetF toxin how does it affect the cells and which toxin type has been isolated?

A

Type A
B - pore forming

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18
Q

What are the principal toxins generated by Clostridioides difficile?

A

TcdA - toxin A
TcdB - toxin B
CDT - ADP ribosylating binary toxin

19
Q

Pathogenesis of Clostridioides difficile?

A

Ingestions of spores, germinate in the intestines, toxin production

20
Q

How does the main toxins of C. difficile, cause damage?

A

TcdA - Binds to multiple carbs receptors
TcdB - Not known yet
CDT - Cytoskeletal alterations, induce apoptosis, change intracellular signaling by GTPase inactivation

21
Q

Typical histopathological lesions of C. difficile?

A

Volano-ulcers -focal disruptions of the mucosa with release of neutrophils, fibrin and debris

22
Q

Which other Clostridium types other than difficile and perfringens have been related to enteric diseases ?

A

Paeniclostridium sordelli

23
Q

In Clostridial gas gangrene, which bacteria are involved?

A

C. perfringens type A (most common)
C. septicum
C. chauvoei
C. novyi
C. ramosum
C. sporogenes
C. fallax
P. sordelli

24
Q

What is the pathogenesis of gas gangrene?

A
  1. Contamination of wounds, parturition, vaccination or trauma, 2. less REDOX potential, metabolite decomposing protein and acid pH, 3. promote germination of spores and toxins
25
Q

What similar disease exist in cows?

A

Blackleg (Clostridial myositis) due to C. Chauvoei

26
Q

Does gas gangrene can presented without history of wound or trauma?

A

Yes, it can be patent in muscle or heart

27
Q

Mechanism of action of toxins in how they cause damage?

A

Enzymes:
- Collagenases
- DNAses
- Hyaluronidases
- Neuroaminidases

28
Q

Clinical signs of gas gangrene?

A

Muscle tremors, tissues swollen, red, hot and painful, skin will turn dark, crepitation

29
Q

How to diagnose gas gangrene?

A

Isolation of bacteria in subcutaneous exudate, fluorescent antibody test, IHC, anaerobic culture

30
Q

Which disease is caused by Clostridium piliforme?

A

Tyzzer´s disease

31
Q

Characteristics of C. piliforme

A

Obligate intracellular and Gram -

32
Q

Which population is mainly affected?

A

Foals <45 days old
Due to coprophagia <5 weeks
Foals born in March-April

33
Q

Pathogenesis of Tyzzer´s disease

A

Ingestion of spores, spores colonization of ileum, cecum and/or colon, direct damage to enterocyte, absorbed blood, liver portal circulation and will be reach liver

34
Q

Main organs affected in Tyzzer´s disease

A
  1. Liver
  2. Heart
  3. Intestines
35
Q

Characteristics of histophatology findings for Tyzzer´s disease

A

Filament of bacteria seen in hepatocytes, visualized with GIEMSA or silver stains

36
Q

Which bacteria cause infectious necrotic hepatitis ?

A

Clostridium novyi

37
Q

How many toxinotypes have been identified in C. novyi?

A

4
A,B,C,D, and B is the one related to the disease

38
Q

Which genes can encode C. novyi type B that make it trigger the disease?

A

TcnA - alpha - main virulence factor
TcnB - beta toxins

39
Q

Pathogenesis of C. novyi ?

A

Ingestion of the spores, reach intestines and is absorbed, get to the liver, keeps latent in Kupffer cells and geminate in anaerobic environments

40
Q

How does TcnA toxin affects the cell?

A

Has a monoglycosyl transferase activity that inactivates GTP-binding proteins in endothelial cells and cause cytoskeletal disruption and increased vascular permeability

41
Q

How does TcnB toxin affects the cell?

A

Indice direct hepatic necrosis but usually no as fatal as toxin a

42
Q

Gross important pathological findings in C. novyi?

A

In horses necrosis is focal and ruminant is multifocal, gas in parenchyma

43
Q

Histopathological lesions for C. novyi?

A

Stain positive to Okajima stain
Multiple hemorrhage affecting other organs

44
Q

Diagnosis for infectious necrotic hepatitis?

A

Hx of previous cases
Cl Sx
Liver biopsy
PCR frozen samples
No culture due to strict intracellular

Infectious Diseases - Ana Rangel (2 decks)

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