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Virology > Paramyxovirus and Rubella > Flashcards

Paramyxovirus and Rubella Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the structure of Paramyxovirus

A

Negative sense single-stranded RNA viruses, Helical Nucleocapsid, Enveloped virus

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2
Q

What is Paramyxovirus susceptible to as an enveloped virus?

A

drying, acid, detergents, and hand sanitizers

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3
Q

How is Paramyxovirus spread?

A

Primarily by respiratory secretions, person-to-person, fomites, and hands

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4
Q

All paramyxoviruses are considered ______ viruses

A

contagious

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5
Q

The paramyxovirus infected cell can fused membranes of neighboring cells to form a large multinucleated cell called a ________

A

syncytium

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6
Q

Syncytia are a common feature of paramyxoviruses. Virsues that can use syncytium to spread cell to cell can more easily…..

A

escape neutralizing antibodies

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7
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is spread how? Does it have seasonality?

A

Spread is person-to-person via respiratory droplets with winter/spring seasonality, Nov. to April

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8
Q

What type of infection is RSV?

A

RSV is a local infection, it has a short incubation time and starts with an upper repertory tract infection

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9
Q

If RSV spreads to the middle and lower respiratory tract, what can occur?

A

A more severe disease like bronchiolitis or pneumonia can occur

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10
Q

RSV is restricted to ________ cells and spread through the respiratory tract mostly by…..

A

epithelial; cell-to-cell spread or aspiration of upper respiratory tract secretions

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11
Q

What is the #1 cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children <1 yr old and <5 yr olds, and the primary cause of bronchiolitis in children <1 yr old

A

RSV

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12
Q

Why does RSV cause a high risk of severe complication in premature infants?

A

Because they have less developed lungs and not as many maternal antibodies

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13
Q

What other age group also has a very high burden or RSV infections?

A

Older people >65

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14
Q

RSV infections happen at all ages but are worse in….

A

infants and the elderly

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15
Q

Describe the immunity to RSV

A

Immunity is not long-lasting, and it is possible to get reinfected with the same strain

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16
Q

Why do elderly have a high risk of pneumonia with RSV?

A

-Because of waning immunity and underlying comorbidities
-This can lead to increased severity of the infection

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17
Q

What happens to older children and adults who get infected with RSV?

A

Usually have mild upper respiratory tract infections, probably due to partial immunity; they still get sick; just not as bad, or are asymptomatic

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18
Q

Is there a vaccine for RSV?

A

There is a new vaccine for people 60 or greater and pregnant people. The idea of vaccinating pregnant people is to have maternal ab spread to the infant

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19
Q

_______ can be used as a treatment for RSV but it not that effective

A

Ribavirin

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20
Q

One preventative tx for RSV is _______, a monoclonal antibody to the surface protein of RSV

A

Palivizumab

-It is costly, only given to certain preterm infants, and only in the RSV season
-Does help reduce RSV hospitalizations

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21
Q

What is Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)

A

Another paramyxovirus similar to RSV (but tends to infect slightly older children)

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22
Q

What is Parainfluenza Virus (PIV)?

A

Another paramyxovirus that causes a respiratory infection

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23
Q

What are the general characteristics of PIV?

A

-Spread via respiratory droplets
-Local infection
-Shorter incubation time
-Enveloped virus
-Considered ‘contagious’

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24
Q

________ is the primary cause of croup (inflammation of the larynx and trachea)

A

Parainfluenza (PIV)

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25
Q

What can PIV cause in young children?

A

Sever lower respiratory tract infections

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26
Q

Is there immunity to parainfluenza?

A

Partial immunity to reinfection, you can still get reinfected, but generally milder and stay in the upper respiratory tract or is an asymptomatic infection

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27
Q

How does Parainfluezna affect adults? The elderly?

A

-Adults are commonly infected but have mild symptoms
-It is not known how it affects the elders

28
Q

PIV can cause severe illness in the ________

A

immunocompromised

29
Q

Describe the general characteristics of Mumps

A

-A generalized/systemic infection
-That means longer incubation times, the virus can affect several different parts of the body, and has a viremic stage

30
Q

How does Mumps spread?

A

By the respiratory route via saliva

31
Q

What is the major defining characteristic of mumps?

A

-Parotitis (swelling of the parotid gland)
-Orchitis (testicular swelling) (Testicular swelling rarely leads to sterility but can lead to lower fertility

32
Q

When is a person with Mumps infectious?

A

A few days before symptoms

33
Q

Pre-vaccine mumps was a major cause of ______ and _______

A

encephalitis and meningitis

34
Q

Mumps can also cause unilateral _________, either permanent or temporary

A

hearing loss

35
Q

What type of vaccine is the vaccine we have for MMR?

A

attenuated live virus

36
Q

Why have older adolescents or college-age students having MMR outbreaks recently, even if vaccinated?

A

Probably due to waning vaccine immunity and crowded living conditions

37
Q

If someone who is vaccinated contracts mumps, there are fewer _________

A

complications

38
Q

What type of infection is Measles?

A

-A paramyxovirus with a generalized/systemic infection
-Measles has a longer incubation time and a viremic stage

39
Q

How is Measles spread?

A

Through the respiratory route and can be aerosolized (Measles aerosols can stay in the air for 2 hours)

40
Q

Measles is (asymptomatic/symptomatic)

A

Symptomatic
-Very few are asymptomatically infected

41
Q

People who are infected with Measles are infectious (before/after) the measles rash

A

Before

42
Q

What percentage of susceptible people who come into contact with someone who has measles will become infected?

A

90%

43
Q

What are the 3 C’s of measles with high fever?

A

Cough
Coryza
Conjunctivitis

44
Q

What are Koplik spots?

A

Pathognomonic of measles - 1 to 2 days before the rash, Koplik spots appear

45
Q

Where do Koplik spots appear?

A

On the buccal membrane, often opposite 2nd molars, and can cover the entire mucous membrane of the mouth

46
Q

How are Koplik spots described?

A

As grains of sand or salt surrounded by a red halo, sometimes also described as having a bluish cast

47
Q

What causes the measles rash?

A

Cytotoxic T cells killing measles-infected cells

48
Q

When might the measles rash NOT be present?

A

In immunocompromised people

49
Q

There is a very high measles death rate in the ________

A

immunocompromised

50
Q

There is a high rate of _______ with measles

A

hospitalizations

-Many hospitalized patients have pneumonia, and most deaths are from pneumonia

51
Q

_________ can occur with a moderate death rate. However, survivors can have permanent neurological complications

A

Encephalitis

52
Q

___________ can occur many years after measles infection. ______ leads to coma and death. It is rare in measles and seems to happen more when infected before the age of 2.

A

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE); SSPE

53
Q

What type of vaccine is the measles vaccine?

A

Live-attenuated

(part of MMR)

54
Q

When does the measles vaccine need to be given?

A

At 1 year of age. If given earlier, maternal antibodies can interfere with vaccine efficacy

55
Q

What is the post-exposure prophylaxis for measles

A

1) Vaccine, if given up to 72 hours after exposure, may prevent disease
2) Immune globulin (IG) may prevent or modify the disease if given up to 6 days after exposure.

56
Q

Describe the structure of Rubella

A

Togavirus +ssRNA icosahedral virus, enveloped and inactivated the same was as paramyxoviruses

57
Q

What does Rubella cause?

A

German measles/3-day measles

58
Q

How is Rubella spread?

A

Respiratory droplets

59
Q

What type of infection is Rubella?

A

Systemic infection/Not a local infection, with longer incubation times

60
Q

Rubella infections are (asymptomatic/symptomatic)

A

Many infections are asymptomatic

61
Q

When is a person with Rubella infectious?

A

A week before and a week after the rash

62
Q

What are the symptoms of Rubella?

A

-Many of the same symptoms of Measles but milder and post-auricular lymphadenopathy occur before the rash
-The rash lasts only 3 days and again is milder than Measles

63
Q

Some people who have rubella have _________ on the soft pallet

A

Forchheimer spots

(However, this is not pathognomonic of rubella. Other diseases also have petechia on the soft pallet)

64
Q

Rubella causes __________ if infected during the first trimester of pregnancy up to 20 weeks

A

congenital rubella syndrome

65
Q

What did the rubella outbreak in the 60s lead to?

A

-Large number of neonatal deaths
-Miscarriages
-Congenital rubella syndrome that included deafness, blindness, cognitive impairment, and cardiac problems

66
Q

What type of vaccine is the vaccine for rubella?

A

Live-attenuated vaccine

(part of MMR)

Virology (17 decks)

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