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Paradigms Flashcards

1
Q

Define learning

A

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour resulting from repeated practise or experience (active or passive).

passive experience = through observation or smells

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2
Q

What kind of system does learning require?

A

Learning requires an operational memory system and is often supported by a set of physiological responses (hormonal system, psychosomatic responses)

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3
Q

Learning can/cannot be explained by innate behavioural tendencies of the organism

A

Learning cannot be explained by innate behavioural tendencies of the organism

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4
Q

T/F learning can be unlearned

A

T

learning can be unlearned

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5
Q

There are __ main types of learning. What are they?

A

There are 7 main types of learning

  1. perceptual
  2. relational
  3. spatial
  4. episodic
  5. motor
  6. stimulus-response
  7. observational
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6
Q

Define perceptual learning

A

Perceptual learning:
learning to recognise previously seen/heard stimuli

-primary function is to identify and categorise objects, sounds, and situations

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7
Q

Define relational learning

A

Relational learning: ability to encode associations between stimuli (place, face, name, overdue homework)

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8
Q

Define spatial learning

A

Spatial learning:
about environment, its spatial orientation (waking up in a familiar darkened room, retracing steps when looking for lost objects)

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9
Q

Define episodic learning

A

Episodic learning : remembering sequences of events

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10
Q

Define motor learning

A

Motor learning: remembering sequences of movement/postures (dancing)

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11
Q

Define stimulus-response learning

A

stimulus-response learning: ability to learn to perform a particular behaviour when a certain stimulus is present

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12
Q

Define observational learning

A

observational learning: learning by watching and imitating other people

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13
Q

What are the 2 models used for learning

A

There are 2 models of learning that use 2 slightly diff phenomena. that are used to assess an animal’s ability to learn

  1. Classicial conditioning
  2. operant??
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14
Q

Define classical conditioning

A

classical conditioning= based on a scenario in which certain stimuli elicit a reflexive response

e.g smelling a steak = salivation

light pulses = eye blink

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15
Q

Define unconditional stimuli

A

Stimuli that cause the reflexive response in classical conditioning, is known as unconditional stimuli (UCS)

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16
Q

UCS provoke ___

A

Unconditional stimuli provoke purely reflexive , thus, undconditioned responses

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17
Q

UCR=

A

unconditioned response

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18
Q

The reflexive stimulus (UCS) and response (UCR) are unconditioned

A

nn

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19
Q

During _______, a neutral stimulus can sometimes- through association-become a signal sufficient to induce a _________

A

During classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus can sometimes- through association-become a signal sufficient to induce a reflexive response.

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20
Q

Neural stimulus eliciting a reflexive response occurs when

A

Neural stimulus eliciting a reflexive response occurs when the neural stimulus is repeatedly paired with the reflexive stimulus (UCS).

Therefore, the neural stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) after being repeatedly paired with the UCS

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21
Q

When does a neural stimulus becomes a CS

A

the neural stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) after being repeatedly paired with the UCS. Eventually the CS will produce a conditioned response (CR) similar to that produced by the UCS

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22
Q

Pavlov’s classical conditioning

A

bell + food

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23
Q

Classical conditioning pertains not only just physiological responses, but also to _______

A

Classical conditioning pertains not only just physiological responses, but also to mental parameters.

  • psychological responses are generated by physiological changes
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24
Q

What was John B Watson’s Little Albert study

A 
CS= white rat
CR= albert developed fear of the white rat

UCS = loud banging sound
UCR=fear/startle response

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25
Classical conditioning can be ____ or ___
Classical conditioning can have positive or negative conditioned stimuli. Positive = e.g advertising negative= e.g taste aversion in pharmacotherapy
26
Give an example of positive conditioned stimuli of classical conditioning
Positive = e.g advertising attractive model =UCS liking/wanting = UCR perfume CS + UCS => UCR->CR perfume=liking/wanting
27
Give an example of negative | conditioned stimuli of classical conditioning
negative= e.g taste aversion in pharmacotherapy nausea =UCS=> vomiting UCR specific food (CS) + UCS => UCR -> CR specific foods (CS) => vomiting (CR)
28
How are stimuli interpretted?
Stimuli can be interpretted in 2 ways 1. stimulus generalisation 2. stimulus discrimination
29
Define stimulus generalisation
stimulus generalisation is when a learned response generalises over similar stimuli e. g - little ALbert feared stimuli resembling rats -generalised aversion in patients receiving chemotherapy
30
Define stimulus discrimination
stimulus discrimination is a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other similar stimuli e. g - pavlov's dogs learned to discriminate between bell tones -children discriminate between angry voices of parents that do/do not precede punishment
31
define extinction
Extinction is the process of unlearning presentation of CS only leads to a gradual loss of CR or extinction extinction is not forgetting
32
What can extinction be used for?
Extinction can be used in some clinical or experimental situations e.g extinction of a food phobia can be induced by exposure to the CS only e.g fear of snakes expose individual to the word 'snake', then the image of a snake while simultaneously administering a drug, over time lead to pharmacotherapy for extinction of the fear.
33
T/F Extinction is extremely variable
Extinction is extremely variable
34
Define spontaneous recovery
The reapperance of a conditioned response after extinction peaks of the linear extinction curve that are evolutionarily conserved peaks that allow the organism to choose whether a certain learnt behaviour is still useful. Therefore, these peaks occur overtime even when extinction progresses.
35
Why is pharmacotherapy efficient in terms of the extinction process?
pharmacotherapy is very efficient as the extinction process is not just linear it also has peaks (spontanous recovery)
36
Define high-order conditioning
High-order conditioning is when a neutral; stimulus (ns) becomes a conditioned stimulus (cs) through repeated pairings with a previously conditioned stimulus (cs) i.e making additional associations
37
What is the difference between first-order conditioning and high-order conditioning?
first-order conditioning restaurant (cs) food (UCS) salivation (UCR and CR) high-order conditioning restaurant (CS) logo of restaurant (CS) salivation (UCR to both)
38
In _____ conditioning, you are a very passive subject.
In classical conditioning, you are a very passive subject. You don't depend on much - reflexive response - ability to be hungry etc.. enough for the UCS to be accidently paired with a neutral stimulus -ideal way of studying the relationship between learning (e.g stress responsiveness) and additional basic functions of the organism (e.g hunger)
39
In ______conditioning the subject is an active participant.
In operant conditioning, the subject is an active participant. it exploits some natural needs but
40
________ ideal way of studying the relationship between learning and additional basic functions of the organism
classical conditioning is an ideal way of studying the relationship between learning (e.g stress responsiveness) and additional basic functions of the organism (e.g hunger)
41
Define operant conditioning according to thorndike
Operant conditioning in when an organism's behaviour is changed due to the consequences followed by their behaviour
42
Describe Thorndike's experiment
The old days (Thorndike and his puzzle box) - placed a hungry cat in a puzzle-box - cat opened door by pressing lever Thorndike was interested in how long it took the cat to open the door when placed in the box on several occasions DV = latency for the cat across a number of trials
43
What contribution did Skinner have to operant conditioning
Skinner renamed the terms B(behaviour) became c(consequence) and R(response) became Sr(stimulus reinforcer) and press lever became food
44
Define reinforcement
Reinforcement is any procedure that increases the response Reinforcements can be positive or negative
45
operant conditioning responses are based on
increased response or decreased response
46
Define punishment
punishment is any procedure that decreases the response can be negative or positive
47
distinguish between positive reinforcements and positive punishments
positive reinforcement (increases the response) =e.g presenting food following the response Positive punishment (decrease the response) =e.g present shock following the response
48
negative reinforcement/negative punishment =
removal of undesirable stimulus/appetite stimulus, respectively
49
test cognitive ability
change the levers e.g 1= positive reinforcement 2= negative reinforcement
50
how can we test cognitive ability of an animal
change the levers e.g 1= positive reinforcement 2= negative reinforcement
51
During reinforcement the behaviour always ____
During reinforcement the behaviour always increases
52
During punishment the behaviour always ____
During punishment the behaviour always decreases
53
What are the schedules of reinforcement
There are 2 types of schedules of reinforcement 1. continous 2. intermittent
54
Define continous reinforcement
continous reinforcement occurs after every response (rare) =produces a rapid acquisition and is subject to rapid extinction
55
Define intermittent reinforcement
intermittent reinforcement occurs after some responses (common) =responding on an intermittent reinforcement schedule is tougher to learn, but more resistant to extinction
56
Intermittent reinforcement can be further divided into which categories
Intermittent reinforcement can be further divided into 3 groups. 1. ratio 2. interval 1.ratio = schedules based on responses fixed (fr) every nth response is reinforced (FR5) variable (vr): ratio varies unpredictably (vr7) 2. interval=schedules based on time fixed (FI) = interval is x in length (e.g 1 min) variable (VI)= interval varies unpredictably
57
Define shaping
Shaping is when the reinforcement is delivered for successive approximations of the desired response at first, the animal is only reinforced if a closer approximation is given (e.g swimming through the loop) finally the animal is only reinforced for performing the target behaviour (jumping through the hoop)
58
What is the main difference between classical and operant conditioning
classical conditioning = rely on reflexive response of subject operant conditioning = it is an act of the participant that is active in order to satisfy certain needs *shaping is not required for classical conditioning
59
shaping is not required for _____conditioning
shaping is not required for classical conditioning
60
Similarities of classical and operant conditioning
they are both subject to extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization and discrimination

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