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Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

multicellular organism =

A

Endocrine regulation evolved due to the increase in complexity of organisms

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2
Q

Describe the evolution of single-celled organisms in association with endocrine communication

A

single-cellular organisms started clustering into colonies they release certain substances into the environment in order to inform other individuals of the same species about what is going on.

Evolutionary advantge of this communication = other organisms can learn faster about an potential challenges that other cells experience at any given time.

Therefore, the cells are able to adapt and prepare for the stimuli /potential dangers

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3
Q

There are __ main types of cell-to-cell communications. What are they?

A

There are 4 main types of cell-to-cell (intercellular) communication

  1. direct
  2. paracrine
  3. endocrine
  4. synaptic
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4
Q

transmission of direct comm

A

Direct communication occurs through gap junctions.

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5
Q

transmission of paracrine comm

A

paracrine communications occurs through ECF

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6
Q

Transmission of endocrine comm

A

endocrine communication occurs through the bloodstream

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7
Q

Transmission of synaptic comm

A

synaptic communication occurs across synaptic clefts

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8
Q

Transmission of endocrine comm

A

endocrine communication occurs through the bloodstream and distributed around the body

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9
Q

Chemical mediators of paracrine communication:

A

Chemical mediators of paracrine communication:

paracrine factors

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10
Q

Chemical mediators of endocrine comm:

A

Chemical mediators of endocrine comm: hormones

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11
Q

Chemical mediators of synaptic comm:

A

Chemical mediators of synaptic comm: neurotransmitters

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12
Q

distribution of effects:

direct communication=

A

distribution of effects:

direct communication= usually limited to adjacent cells of the same type that are interconnected by connexons

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13
Q

distribution of effects:: paracrine:

A

distribution of effects:: paracrine:

primarily limited to a local area, where paracrine factor conc. is relatively high. Target cells must have appropriate receptors

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14
Q

distribution of effects:: endocrine:

A

distribution of effects:: endocrine:

target cells are primarily in other tissues and organs and must have appropriate receptors

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15
Q

distribution of effects:: synaptic communication:

A

distribution of effects:: synaptic communication: limited to very specific areas: target cells must have appropriate receptors

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16
Q

T/F we as mammals have very well developed nervous systems

A

Therefore, endocrine communication is facilitated by the nervous tissue

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17
Q

If substance A is released into the synapse of the CNS and the same substance is release again to the bloodstream. Is substance A classified as a neurotransmitter or hormone.

A

Substance A is classified as both depending no the specific function it takes at a given time. E.g substance A is a neurotransmitter in the first instance and then a hormone in the second instance.

The type of chemical mediator such as hormones or neurotransmitters are dependent on their mode of intercellular communication.

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18
Q

Define hormones

A

Hormones are chemical signals that are spread through the bloodstream to target cells.

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19
Q

______paricipate in development (coordinated transformation of the organism)

A

Hormones paricipate in development (coordinated transformation of the organism)

participate in a coordinated response of adult organism (to external and internal stimuli that can be short- or long- acting)

20
Q

List some factors that are regulated by the endocrine system

A
  1. maintenance of the internal environment in the body (maintaining the optimum biochemical environment)
  2. integration and regulation of growth and development
  3. control, maintenance and instigation of sexual reproduction, including gametogenesis, coitus, fertilisation, fetal growth, and development and nourishment of the newborn
21
Q

Define prohormones

A

prohormones are inactive molecules that are converted to active hormones before or after they are secreted.

22
Q

what kind of sizes can peptide hormones have

A

peptide hormones vary in size; ie they can be short polypeptides or small proteins

short-chain polypeptides: e.g vasopressin and oxytocin (9aas)

small proteins :
e.g growth hormone (191 aas) and prolactin (198 aas)

23
Q

peptide hormones vary in

A

peptide hormones vary in size and structure

24
Q

similarities between operant conditioning and …

A

..

25
Q

why is changing the hormone into the prohormone so important?

A

when a gene is being expressed, this gene gives rise to a v long chain of aas -in the case of a prohormone, - this chain of aas is spliced in the post translational process into smaller pieces that 1st initial large piece that is translated directly from the gene = prohormone

prohormone - is an inactive molecule because it is very large that it does not have the proper 3D structure to communicate directly with the receptors

when the 3D structure is not proper for the hormone molecule= the part of the molecule that interacts directly with the receptor, the infinity for the receptor often is hidden in the 3d structure. = therefore, in order to expose the active site of the hormone molecule= you have to have the prohormone benig processed appropriately (by spicing the peptide) so that the hormone has the proper length so that the electric properties of the aas are such within the shorter chain that it changes into the configuration of the molecule exposing the particular active site.

Therefore, it but not

26
Q

.kkk

A

most hormones are synthesized as prohormones

27
Q

hhh

A

Steroid hormones are Lipid derivatives as they are derived from cholesterol

28
Q

hhh

A

Steroid hormones are lipophilic and hydro[hobic = don’t like water

therefore, they do not easily travel in the blood. cuase blood is mainly water. therfeore, for sterod hormone sto travel in the blood they need to be bound to specific proteins (chaperne proteins) = which allows steroid hormones to be distriuted throughout the circulation.

29
Q

hh

A

Since the steroid hormones travel around thebody in the bound-state (bound to chaperone proteins) they remain in the plasma in the circulation for much longer

30
Q

Define hormones

A

Hormones are chemical signals that are spread through the bloodstream to target cells

31
Q

___ participate in development (coordinated transformation of the organism)

A

Hormones participate in development (coordinated transformation of the organism)

32
Q

_______participate in a coordinated response of the adult organism (to external and internal stimuli that can be______

A

Hormones participate in a coordinated response of the adult organism (to external and internal stimuli that can be short- or long- acting)

33
Q

hhh

A

Hormones act to maintain the internal environment in the body (maintaining optimum biochemical environment)

34
Q

hhh

A

Hormones allow the integration and regulation of growth and development

35
Q

hh

A

Hormones control, maintenance and instigation of sexual reproduction, including gametogenesis, coitus, fertilisation, fetal growth and development and nourishment of the newborn.

36
Q

hhhh

A

Endocrine cells release chemicals (hormone) into the bloodstream

37
Q

hh

A

Hormones alter metabolic activities of many tissues and organs simultaneously

38
Q

hh

A

The target cells of hormones possess receptors that are specific for a given hormone

39
Q

What are the primary organs of the endocrine system?

A

The primary organs of the endocrine system: (7)

  1. hypothalamus
  2. pituitary gland
  3. thyroid gland
  4. adrenal gland
  5. pancreas
  6. pineal gland
  7. parathyroid gland
40
Q

What are the classifications of hormones

A

There are 3 main classifications of hormones

  1. peptides
  2. lipid derrivatives
  3. amino acid derivatives
41
Q

peptide hormone contain glycoproteins such as..

A

1.thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

  1. luteininsing hormone (LH)
  2. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
42
Q

Lipid derivatives are released by?

A

There are 3 main ways to release lipid-derivatives

  1. through the reproductive organs (androgens by testes, estrogen and progestins by ovaries)
  2. cortex of the adrenal glands (corticosteroids are released via this pathway)
  3. kidneys (calcitriol is released through this gland)
43
Q

hh

A

Because circulating steroid hormones are bound to specific transport proteins (chaperones) in the plasma they remain in circulation longer than secreted peptide hormones

44
Q

Define Eicosanoids

A

Eicosanoids are derived from arachidonic acid, a 20-carbon fatty acid

45
Q

hh

A

Paracrin factors that coordinate cellular activities and affect enzymatic processes (e.g blood clotting) in ECF.

some eicosanoids (leukotrienes) have secondary roles as hormones

a second group of eicosanoids - prostaglandin- involved primarily in coordinating local cellular activities

. (6 decks)

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