Par 2 Flashcards by Nicole Hennis

The most common treatment for near-sightedness is with

A concave eye glass lens

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The most common treatment for far sightedness is with

A convex glass lens

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In the light, photoreceptors are more hyperpolarized than in the dark because CGMP

is low and Na+ and Ca2+ channels are closed

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Which of the following statements is correct?

Objects in the left visual field are processed by the right visual cortex

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What would be an appropriate treatment for conjunctivitis?

Antibacterial eyedrops

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When a photon of light strikes rhodopsin located in the photoreceptors, the following takes place?
rhodopsin is cleaved to trans-retinol and opsin
Sodium and calcium influx is inhibited
the receptor hyperpolarizes
isomerase converts to trans-retionol cis-retinol, which binds opsin—thereby reforming rhodopsin

All the above

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Which of the following describes the sequence of events leading to the photoreceptors’ activation?

Light induces receptors’ hyperpolarization, leading to a decrease in glutamate release, which activates bipolar cells which then activates ganglion cells

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Which of the following statements regarding ganglion cells’ receptive fields is correct?

On centers/ off surrounds ganglion cells are stimulated when a point of light strikes the center of the receptive field and inhibits when a point of light strikes the surrounding area.

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In a standing person, hair cells in the utricle are

releasing glutamate

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Which cranial nerve carries sensory information from a cupula to the brain?

VIII

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Which of the following statements regarding the semi-circular canal is correct?

They detect angular acceleration

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Salt chemoreceptor cells detect an elevation of salt in the mouth because

Sodium ions enter the cell causing membrane depolarization that actives voltage dependent calcium channels leading to an elevation in intracellular Ca++ that stimulates neurotransmitter release.

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Olfactory information is carried in

CNI

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Passive stretch of skeletal muscles increase action potential firing rate of the

golgi tendon organ

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Activation of a stretch reflex in muscle leads to

Contraction of the stretched muscle, contraction of the synergistic muscle, and a relaxation of the antagonistic muscle

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What type of motor neurons innervate extrafusal fibers?

Only alpha

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In the fast pain pathway, information is carried from nociceptors to the brain via the

Neospinothamalic tract

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What fiber types carries fast pain info to the spinal cord?

A delta

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Which of the following is a principal CNS neurotransmitter used in the fast pain pathway?

Glutamate

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Morphine like drugs are used in the treatment of pain because they

Bind to opioid receptors in the CNS, and reduce action potential generation

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Which of the flowing statements is true?

Arterioles are highly innervated and they receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs from the medullary cardiovascular center

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Which of the following statements is false?
There is no fundamental difference between arterial venules, aortic diameter regulates blood flow
-Arterioles are highly innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic input
in the medullary cardiovascular center
-Alpha adrenergic receptors are more important than beta adrenergic
receptors for regulation of arteriole diameter
-Beta adrenergic receptors are more important than alpha adrenergic for
regulation of arteriole diameter only in skeletal muscle
-In skeletal muscle, epinephrine causes vasodilation

There is no fundamental difference between arterial venules, aortic diameter regulates blood flow

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During a hemmorage, mean arterial pressure may fall significantly; however, cerebral blood flow is maintained relatively constant due to which of the following?

Autoregulation

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Increased metabolic demand in the heart muscle can be satisfied by which of the following?

Increased blood flow

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Heart muscle is very different at extracting o2 from hemoglobin, so _____________.

only an increase in the amount of blood to the heart can satisfy increased metabolic demand

A woman is brought into the ER complaining of chest pain. Examination shows that although her heart rate is elevated, her BP is normal. According to standard guidelines for the treatment of chest pain, she is immediately put on IV nitroglycerin. In a subsequent exam, her BP had decreased. Why?

Nitroglycerin generates nitric oxide, which increases CGP levels to induce vasodilation

A woman is brought into the ER complaining of chest pain. Examination shows that although her heart rate is elevated, her BP is normal. She reported sharp pain with inhalation when she lays down. After further tests, the diagnosis was acute pericartitis. Question. When the pericardial sac acutely accumulates a large amount of fluid inside it, decreasing compliance of the heart chambers, how will this initially affect venous return; and then after the body adjusts, how will it affect cardiac output?

Decreased VR, only a modest decrease in CO because her HR has increased

Activation of the sympathetic fight or flight response results in which of the following?

Cardiac output is increased due to the increased venous return and increased heart rate

Excess fluid accumulation in the extracellular space interstitium is a result of damage to the lymph system due to obesity increased venous hydrostatic pressure decreased plasma oncotic pressure damage to the capillary beds all of the above

all of the above:

Which of the following is an effective means of identifying whether the patient is at risk for orthostatic/postural hypotension?

After removing from a supine position to an upright position, the heart rate increases significantly

Which of the following is true?

ACH induced release of bradykinin from sweat glands to non-apical skin produces vasodilation in the cutaneous capillary beds

The blood-brain barrier is the least restrictive at the __________.

circumventricular organs

Atrial blood flow to the left ventricle stops and can even reverse direction during which phase of the cardiac cycle?

Isovolumetric contraction

Which of the following acts as a vasodilator in coronary smooth muscle?

Adenosine-carbon dioxide, decrease ph, potassium, hydrogen, nitric oxide

The most important variable governing the resistance of blood vessels to blood flow is ____________.

Vessel radius

Which of the following will increase venous return?

Respiratory inspiration

Stroke volume can increase by

Atrial kick

ACE inhibitors are clinically effective anti-hypertensive agents because

They inhibit the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2

An increase in serum K+ will result in which of the following

Aldosterone release from the kidney

In a healthy individual, which of the following does not significantly contribute to the arterial tone?

Arginine vasopressin (ADH)

Which of the following results in vasodilation

Release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells

Which of the following is probably an abnormal finding in a resting 23 year old male?

An ejection fraction of 90% 57% SV/EDV

In cells of the SA node, what causes the rapid upstroke of the action potential that occurs?

When cells reach threshold at the end of their pacemaker potential

End of pre-potential?

Opening of Ca++ channels

The blood brain barrier protects the brain from exposure of high concentration of

CO2

If atrio-venous pressure remains constant flow through one vessel will decrease if

a vascular bed that is parallel to it opens up

During isovolumetric ventricular relaxation, the inflow and outflow valves are

Both closed

When comparing the right ventricle to the left ventricle, which of the following is false?

The right ventricle works against a greater afterload

For the whole body, the equation that expresses the relationship between cardiac output and the two factors that regulate it is:

Whole body pressure - aorta to the right atrium / TPR

The mean systemic arterial pressure is higher than the pulmonary arterial pressure because the

TPR is greater than the pulmonary vascular resistance

The plateau potential of ventricular muscle cells is largely due to

An increase in Ca++ permeability through L-type Ca++ channels.

Frank Starling behavior of ventricular muscles operate to decrease stroke volume when which of the following occurs?

A decrease in ventricular end-diastolic volume

Which of the following will increase the resistance of a blood vessel to blood flow the most?

Increasing the pressure at the end of the vessel by 20%

If a health practitioner listens carefully he/she can hear two parts of the second heart sound. These two sounds are produced by closure of two valves. The latter of these two parts are the second heart sound is delayed ___________.

more when a person takes a deep breath. Aortic closes before pulmonary

Venous return will increase by

contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles

Which of the flowing pairs of actions or agents will both cause a decrease in heart rate?

Infusing Ach, infusing a beta blocker acetylcholine is parasympathetic

Which of the following has the slowest intrinsic firing rate?

Purkinje fibers they conduct the fastest

The QRS complex of an EKG indicates which of the following?

None of these

If the pulmonary artery develops a contradiction located shortly after it leaves the heart _______ .

Both A and B will occur. There will be increased resistance of the pulmonary vasculature as a whole at the pulmonary valve to left atrium. The right ventricular muscle will hypertrophy.

Laminar blood flow produces

Very little to no sound vs turbulent

At the start of a heart beat, the major factor resisting blood flow along the major arteries is _______.

Diastolic pressure

During vigorous exercise, a persons CO increased from 5 L/min to 13 L/min. Which of the following will happen?

Cardiac and skeletal muscle blood flow will both increase

Which of the following is closest to the MAP of a dentist having a SBP of 150mm Hg and a pulse pressure of 90mm Hg

90 mm Hg

Shaun White (aka the Flying Tomato) was born with a hole between his

right and left ventricles (septal defect)

What type of cell produces cerebro-spinal fluid?

Choroid plexus epithelium

Which statement is correct regarding cells that produce the myelin sheath surrounding neuronal axons?

Oligodendrocytes can simultaneously form myelin on the axons of many different neurons whereas Schwann cells can only form myelin on axon of one neuron

Which properties accurately describe Ruffini endings?

They are found in the skin and have a large receptive field

Meissner’s corpuscles are?

Located shallow in the ridges of glabrous skin

Information from vibration or joint receptors ascends to the higher centers of the brain in the dorsal tract. One characteristic of the pathway of the dorsal tract is that these?

Ascend ipsilaterally in the spinal cord and cross over in the brain stem

Temperature receptors in the body contain which ion channels?

TRPV, TRPM, and TRPA

In hair cells of the organ of Corti, __________ ion channels open in response to stretch and therefore cause ___________ in the membrane potential.

K+ channels, depolarization

In the auditory system, the round window performs what function?

Maintaining the middle ear cavity at atmospheric pressure

Conduction deafness occurs in?

Transmission of sound waves from middle ear to oval window is impaired

Which of the following is not a significant contributor to arteriole tone in a healthy individual? Arginine vasopressin Endothelial cell derived nitric oxide system Adrenergic system Cholinergic system Renin/angiotensin system

Arginine vasopressin

The baroflex is most important for

Responding to acute changes in blood pressure

Which of the following vascular segments represents the greatest general area of the circulatory system?

Capillaries

Which of the following portions of the cardiovascular system is the velocity of blood flow the highest?

Aorta

The blood brain barrier is impermeant to passive diffusion of

Glucose

Which of the following will facilitate diffusion of oxygen from arterial blood into tissue?

An increase the number of open pre capillary sphincters

Which one of the following factors would increase pre load?

Increase in diastolic volume

Increased metabolic demand in heart muscle is mainly satisfied acutely by which of the following?

Increase in blood flow since the heart is very efficient in extracting O2 from hemoglobin only increasing the amount of blood to the heart can accommodate an increase in cardiac demand

Low of concentrations of epinephrine will have which of the following effects?

Vasodilation of skeletal muscle arterioles because of preferential activation of adrenoreceptors

During which phase of the cardiac cycle is the coronary blood flow maximum?

Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

During exercise, which of the following occurs?

Blood flow to skeletal muscle and skin increases

A decrease in venous compliance will result in

Increase venous return

Which of the following will increase cardiac output?

Increase venous return

Scenario: A woman is brought into the emergency room complaining of chest pain. Examination shows that although heart rate is elevated, her blood pressure is normal. The standard guideline for treatment of chest pain is that she is immediately put on nitroglycerin. In a subsequent exam, it is found that her blood pressure has dramatically dropped. Question: Why did her blood pressure drop?

Nitroglyceran generates nitric oxide which is a potent vasodilator

Scenario: A woman is brought into the emergency room complaining of chest pain. Examination shows that although heart rate is elevated, her blood pressure is normal. She reported sharp pain with each inhalation which lead to a diagnosis of acute pericarditis. Question: When the pericardial sac accumulates large amounts of fluid inside of it, decreasing compliance of the heart’s chambers, how will this initially affect venous return and then after the body adjusts, how will it affect cardiac output.

Decrease venous return only a modest decrease in cardiac output because heart rate would have increased

If the pulmonary artery develops a constriction shortly after it leaves the heart a. resistance of the pulmonary vasculature would increase b. the right ventricular muscle would hypertrophy c. both a and b would occur d. none of the above

Laminar blood flow

Produces little to no sound

At the start of a heart beat a major factor resisting blood along the major arteries is?

Diastolic pressure

Which of the following probably isn’t an abnormal finding in a resting 23 year old female?

• Hematocrit =50%

In cells of the SA node what causes the rapid upstroke of the action potential that occurs when cells reach threshold at the end of their pacemaker potential?

Opening of calcium channels

If the arteriole venous pressure gradient remains constant flow through a single vessel will decrease?

If a vascular bed that is parallel to it opens up

During isovolumetric ventricular contraction?

Inflow and outflow valves are both closed

When comparing the right ventricle to the left ventricle, which of the following is false? The right ventricle works against a greater afterload Muscle mass is less in the right ventricle Pressure generated in the left ventricle is greater The right ventricle does less work The left ventricle consumes more oxygen

The right ventricle works against a greater afterload

The equation that expresses the relationship between cardiac output and the two factors that regulate it is?

Whole body pressure difference/TPR

The mean systemic arterial pressure is higher than the mean arterial pressure because the

TPR is greater than cardiovascular resistance

The plateau potential for the reticular muscle cells is largely due to there?

Increase in calcium permeability through L type calcium channels

Frank Starling behavior of ventricular muscle operates to decrease stroke volume. Which of the following occurs?

A decrease in ventricular end diastolic volume

Which of the following will increase the resistance of blood vessel to blood flow the most?

Increasing the viscosity of the blood by 10%