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Physiology > Lecture 7 - Neurotransmitters, Neuromodulators, and the Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Neurotransmitters, Neuromodulators, and the Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Neuromodulators are involved in direct synaptic transmission, in which a presynaptic neuron directly influences a postsynaptic partner. T/F?

A

FALSE. Neurotransmitters are involve din direct synaptic transmission. RAPID COMMUNICATION is involved in NTs.

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2
Q

What is the difference between neurotransmitters and neuromodulators?

A 
Neurotransmitter
     -quick, fast, localized
Neuromodulator
     -slower, does not have to be localized
• And some can act as both
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3
Q

What are cholinergic neurons?

A

Neurons that use ACh as the primary NT

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4
Q

What produces ACh in presynaptic axon?

A

the enzyme choline acetyl transferase

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5
Q

Degradation of ACh is caused by what enzyme?

A

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

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6
Q

ACh can act on what two receptors?

A

muscarinic (G protein coupled) or nicotinic (ion channels)

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7
Q

What are muscarinic receptors?

A

acetylcholine receptors that form G protein-receptor complexes in the cell membranes of certain neurons and other cells. They play several roles, including acting as the main end-receptor stimulated by acetylcholine released from postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system.

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8
Q

What are nicitinic receptors?

A

cholinergic receptors that form ligand-gated ion channels in the plasma membranes of certain neurons and on the presynaptic and postsynaptic sides of the neuromuscular junction.

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9
Q

What does the nerve gas, Sarin, do?

A

inhibit acetylcholinesterase, causing a buildup of ACh in the synaptic cleft; overstimulation of postsynaptic ACh receptors causes uncontrolled muscle contractions, ultimately leading to receptor desensitization and paralysis.

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10
Q

What does atropine do?

A

antagonist of muscarinic receptor (when an anatagonist binds to receptor, it prevents activity of NT) receptors. It also relaxes the muscles of the iris.

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11
Q

How is Alzheimer’s disease caused?

A

By the degeneration of cholinergic neurons. Associated w/ decreased amts of ACh in certain areas of the brain and loss of postsynaptic neurons that would have responded to it.

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12
Q

What catecholamines are made from tyrosine?

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

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13
Q

What catecholamines are made from tyrptophan?

A

serotonin

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14
Q

What catecholamines are made from histidine?

A

histamine

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15
Q

What are the enzymes that degrade biogenic amine NTs?

A 
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT)
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16
Q

What does dopamine do?

A

contribute to brain processes that control locomotion, emotional response, pleasure, and pain

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17
Q

Parkinson’s disease is caused by?

A

loss of dopamine-transmitting neurons. Treated w/ L-Dopa, a precursor of dopamine.

18
Q

norepinephrine and epinephrine use what type of receptors?

A

adrenergic

19
Q

Where is norepinephrine amd epinephrine found?

A

NE is in both CNS and PNS; Epi is found mainly in PNS.

20
Q

Paticular organs can contain alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. T/F?

A

True

21
Q

What AA NT’s are excitatory synapses?

A

aspartate, glutamate

22
Q

what AA NT’s are inhibitory synapses?

A

glycine, GABA

23
Q

__________ is estimated to be the primary NT at 50% of excitatory synapses in CNS?

A

glutamate

24
Q

What are the 2 types of receptors for glutamate?

A

-metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR)
G-protein coupled receptor
- ionotropic glutamate receptors
AMPA receptors (bind to a-amino-3 hydroxy-5 methyl-4 isoxazole proprionic acid)
NMDA receptors (bind to N-methyl-D-aspartate)

25
Q

What is the major inhibitory NT in the brain?

A

GABA; may bind to ionotropic or metabotropic receptors.

26
Q

What happens GABA binds to ionotropic receptor?

A

increases Cl- flux into cell; resulting in hyperpolarization

27
Q

How do benzodiazepine drugs work?

A

reduce anxiety, guard against seizures, and induce sleep by icnreasing Cl- flux through GABA receptor. (dampens excitation of neurons)

28
Q

Ethanol ____ GABA synapses and simultaneousy ____ excitatory synapses. (choose between stimulates and inhibits)

A

Ethanol STIMULATES GABA synapses and simultaneousy INHIBITS excitatory synapses

29
Q

What are examples of neuropeptides?

A
  • Endogenous opiods: enkaphalins, endorphins
  • Substance P - released by afferent neurons that relay sensory info to CNS (involved in pain sensation)
  • neuropeptides coreleased w/ other neurotransmitters and act as neuromodulators
  • neuropeptides typically have slow onset and long duration
30
Q

How are gases released as NTs?

A

produced by enzymes in axon terminals and simply diffuse from sites of origin in one cell into intracellular fluid of other neurons or effector cells

31
Q

Examples of gases as NTs?

A

nitric oxide (produced by nitric oxide synthase)
carbon monoxide
hydrogen sulfide

32
Q

Tell me about neuroeffector communication.

A

NT released from efferent neuron, diffuses to the surf. of the effector cell, where it binds to receptors on that cell’s PM

33
Q

Efferent division of PNS is subdivided into _________ an _______.

A

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system (ANS)

34
Q

Tell me the number of neurons betw CNS and effector cell, the targets, and the activity of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic system.

A

Somatic nervous system:

  • number of neurons betw CNS and effector cell: 1
  • targets: skeletal muscle
  • activity: excitatory

Autonomic nervous system:

  • number of neurons betw CNS and effector cell: 2
  • targets: smooth/cardiac muscles, glands, GI neurons
  • activity: excitatory or inhibitory
35
Q

ANS is subdivided intoo what?

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

36
Q

Where do we get sympathetic fibers from?

A

thoracic and lumbar regions

37
Q

Where do we get parasympathetic fibers from?

A

brainstem and sacral portion

38
Q

Sympathetic system?

A

short pre-ganglionic and long post-ganglionic synapses; major NT are ACh ar preganglionic synapse and NE and Epi at post-ganglionic (“fight or flight”)

39
Q

Parasympathetic system?

A

long preganglionic and short post-ganglionic synapses; major NT is ACh at both pre- and post-ganglionic synapses (“rest and digest”)

40
Q

Most of the ACh receptors in autonomic ganglia are __________ receptors. In contrast, the ACh receptors on smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and gland cells are __________ receptors.

A

Most of the ACh receptors in autonomic ganglia are NICOTINIC receptors. In contrast, the ACh receptors on smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and gland cells are MUSCARINIC receptors.

41
Q

What forms the adrenal medulla?

A

postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division that never develop axons

42
Q

MEMORIZE THE TABLE 6-10 ON LECTURE NOTES

A

:D

Physiology (8 decks)

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