paper two: the religious community Flashcards
570 CE
the year that Muhammad was born
Adam
the first man and the first prophet of Allah
Adhan/Azaan
the call to prayer
Akhirah
life after death
al-Fatihah
1st chapter of the Qur’an
Al-Imanul Mufassal
the statement of faith
Al-Janna
Paradise/heaven
Allah
the arabic word for God
Al-Mi’raj
the ascent
Al-Qadr
Pre-destination
‘Asr
prayer from late afternoon until just before sunset
Azra’il
angel of death
Omni-benevolent
all loving
Da’wa
the invitation to others to follow the way to Islam
Dawud
David, the prophet to whom the book of Psalms was given
Dhikr
Having Allah in one’s heart
Dome
roof of the mosque, painted to represent the sky/heavens
Eid-ul-Fitr
Festival celebrating the end of Ramadan
Fajr
prayer from dawn until just before sunrise
Fard
obligatory
Fatwa
a legal ruling by a pious, just and knowledgeable Muslim scholar or jurist, based on the Qur’an
Ghust
full ablution before various rituals and prayers
greater jihad
when a muslim makes a personal effort
hadith
report of the prophet’s words or actions
hadith qudsi
sacred hadith
hafiz
a person who knows the Qur’an by heart
Hafsah
woman who kept the qur’an - wife of prohet Muhammad
hajj
the annual pilgrimage to Mecca, which each Muslim must (if possible) take once in their lifetime.
hajjah
a musluim woman who has completed the hajj
hajji
a muslim man who has completed the hajj
halal
any action or thing which is permitted or lawful
haram
any action or thing which is not permitted lawful
hidden Imam
shi’a belief in a final Imam leader hidden by God and who will return on the day of judgement
hijab
veil, worn by women who are required to cover everything except face and hands
hijrah
migration of muhammed from makkah to madinah in 622 CE
‘ibadah
acts of worship performed with the intention of obeying Allah
Ibrahim
Abraham, the prophet to whom the scrolls were given
Id-ul-Adha
feast during hajj
iftar
food tht breaks the fast after sunset
imam
the person who leads the congregation in prayer
Iman
faith
Infaq
economic principle for the distribution of wealth
Injil
gospels
Iqra
recite
Isa
Jesus, the prophet of Allah, born of the virgin Maryam
‘Isha
Prayer from night until midnight or dawn
Islam
submission to the will of Allah
Islamophobia
prejudice against, hatred or fear of Islam or Muslims
Isra
Muhammad’s miraculous journey from Mecca to Jerusalem
Israfil
angel who calls all souls on Yawmuddin
Jahannam
one name for hell in arabic
Jamrah
pillars stoned on the hajj
Jibril
angel Gabriel, the angel who delivered Allah’s messages to His prophets
Jihad
personal indiviual struggle against evil in the way of Allah
Jinn
the soul inside nature such as rocks and trees
Jumu’ah
congregation/assembly
Ka’bah
a cube shaped structre in the centre of Mecca, which Muslims pray towards
Khalifah
Representative of Allah
Khatib
speaker
Khutbah
sermons
Khadijah
the first wife of prophet Muhammed
Laylat-ul-Qadr
Night of Power when the first revelation of the Qur’an was made to the prophet Muhammad
Lesser Jihad
fighting to protect Islam
Madinah
the second most holy city in Islam. the city of the first Muslim community and the burial place of Muhammad.
Maghrib
prayer after sunset until daylight ends
Mahr
dowry
Makkah
city where the prophet Muhammad was born, the capital of Saudi Arabia and where the Ka’ba is located
Makruh
not forbidden but discouraged
Mala’ikah
angel
mandub
recommended actions
Masjid
mosque, place of prostration
Mihrab
an alcove which indicates the Qiblah wall
minaret
tower of the muezzin calls Muslim to prayer
Minbar
the steps where the Imam leads the congregation in prayer/delivers a sermon, he stands at the middle as to not replace Allah
mubah
permissible actions, neither rewarded nor punished
musa
moses, the prophet of Allah to whom the Tawrah was given
muslim
one who claims to have accepted Islam by professing the Shahadah
nabi
prophet sent without a revelation
nikah
marriage contract
niyyah
rightful intention
nuh
noah
nur
divine light
omnipotent
all powerful
omnipresent
every present
omniscient
all knowing
qadi
judge
qiblah
the direction which Muslims face when performing the Salah
qisas
an eye for an eye penalties
qur’an
the Muslim holy book, Muslims regard it to be the exact word of God
rasul
prophet sent with a revelation
riba
lending money at interest - forbidden
ridda/irtidad
apostasy/ giving up on Islam
rightly guided caliphs
the four successors of Muhammad who lead the Ummah in Sunni Islam
sadaqah
additional voluntary payments to Zakah, - loving charity
salaam
peace
Salaam Alaykum
may peace be with you
salah
prescribed communication with, and worship of Allah; the five daily times of Salah are fixed by Allah
salat-ut-juma’ah
midday prayers on a Friday for men
sawm
fasting from dawn to sunset, abstinence from all food, drink or smoking
seal of the prophets
the Muslim belief that Muhammad is the last prophet sent by God who perfects all previous revelations
shahadah
declaration of faith, “there is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah”
sharia
muslim law
shi’a
branch of Islam.
shirk
association. the greatest sin a muslim can commit - regarding anything to be equal to Allah
suhur
extra meal eaten before first light
sunnah
example of the prophet Muhammad - found in the Hadith
sunni
branch of Islam
surah
divisions/chapters of the Qur’an (114 in total)
taqwa
awareness/love and fear of god
tarawih
special prayer in Ramadan
tasbih
prayer beads
tawhid
the belief in the oneness and unity of Allah
tawrah
the Torah, a book given to Musa
topi
small hat worn by men during prayer
Ummah
world-wide community of muslims, the nation of Islam
wajib
necessary
walimah
party after marriage
Yawmuddin
day of judgement
zakah
alms giving/purification of wealth
zakat-ul-fitr
additional payments at the end of Ramadan
zuhr
prayer after midday until afternoon
what do parents do the moment of birth
speak the words of the Adan into the right ear of the baby. this is so the call to serve Allah is present from the start of the child’s life.
what is aqiqah
the ceremony on the seventh day after birth
what happens on Aqiqah
the child’s head is shaved, it is part of the naming ceremony
what does the shaving of the head on Aqiqah symbolise
the cleansing of the baby from impurities and the start of its life afresh in the presence of Allah.
what may be sacrificed on Aqiqah
a sheep or a goat
what is weighed on Aqiqah
the shaved hair of the baby, and the equivalent weight in silver or gold is given to charity
what is the baby given a taste of on Aqiqah
honey to reflect the sweetness of the qur’an
what is circumcision considered equivalent to
a sacrifice to allah
what does circumcision symbolise
the continuing of tradition by Muslims, and following the example of Ibrahim.
what is the intention of marriage for muslims
to worship allah
for the mutual love and support
for the conception and raising of children
to support a stable society
where are marriage celebratios held
bride’s home, led by a respected member of the muslim community.
what is included in a muslim marriage ceremony
mahr (gift to the bride)
reading from the qur’an
exchange of vows and rings
what must happen at a sunni wedding, that does not have to be done at a shia wedding
two men must witness the marriage contract
what should happen as a person dies
they should say the Shahadah if they can
what happens immediatly after death
the body is washed three times by relatives of the same gender as the deceased, and it is wrapped in white cloth. the body is then taken to an outdoor location, sometimes near a mosque, where muslims will stand and offer prayers for the forgiveness and find peace.
when is the body buried
as soon as possible after death
how is the body buried
laid on it’s side, with three mounds of soil under the head, the chin and the shoulder. the head faces towards makkah
what do muslims believe about the afterlife?
that they enter an intermediate phase in the grave, waiting for Yawmuddin when Allah will raise the body.
what do muslims believe will happen on the day of judgement
all people will be judged by allah and have their good and bad deeds wieghed up.
those who can cross the bridge over hell (sirat) carrying their book of life wil enter paradise and gain eternal happiness, or else fall into hell forever.
arafat
mount of mercy
umrah
pilgrimage during rest of year
ihram
white clothing (to erase social hierachy during the hajj)
niyyah
intention to do the spiritual journey
tawaf
circling the kaaba 7 times
malaikah
belief in angels
kutub
belief in holy books
nubuwwah
belief in the prophets
6 key beliefs of sunni islam
tawhid malaikah kutub nubuwwah akhirah al-qadr
adl
divine justice
imamah
authority of the imams
mi’ad
day of resurrection
who decided the five key beliefs for shi’a islam
early shi’a leaders
what are the five key beliefs for shi’a muslims often reffered to
the five roots of Usul ad-Din
5 key beliefs for shi’a islam
tawhid - oneness of allah adl - divine justice nubuwwah - prophethood imamah - leadership (who muslims should follow) mi'ad - day of resurrection
give qualities about the angels in islam
made from light no free will tell allah about the behaviour of humans limitless invisible but can reveal themselves
give a quote about the angels
“they exalt him night and day and do not slacken”
who is angel jibril
bringer of good news.
mentioned in qur’an and hadith.
revealed the words of allah to muhammed on the night of power, and is therefore known as the angel of revelation.
present on day of judgement
who is angel mika’il
friend to humanity.
angel of mercy.
giver of rain, and helps to provide food for the people.
present on day of judgement
who is angel izra-il
the angel of death, who takes the souls from bodies when people die
who is angel israfil
the angel who will be present on day of resurrection.
will blow the trumpet to announce the day of judgement.
who are angels munkar and nakir
the angels responsible for questioning the soul of a person who has died.
which angels sit on muslims shoulders
al-kiram and al-katibun
why do muslims have angels on their shoulders
one of them records the good things the person has done and the other records the bad things the person has done. allah will judge them off of this when deciding whether they are worth of paradise.
how is al-qadr linked to the siz beliefs of sunni islam
it shows that allah is omniscient, and omnipotent
does Ali speak of al-qadr
yes in the hadith:
“there is not one amongst you who has not been allotted his seat in paradise or hell. they said: allah’s messenger, then why should we perform good deeds, why not depend upon our destiny? thereupon he said, no, do good deeds, for everyone is facilitated in that for which he has been created.”
why is al-qadr a key belief in shia islam
shia muslims believe nothing can happen without the will of allah
evidence of al-qadr in the qur’an
“the lord has created and balanced all things and has fixed theri destinies and guided them.”
why is free will essential in islam
because lif is a test from Allah, so all humans must make theri own decisions, and they will ebe judged on those decisions by Allah on Yawmuddin.
free will in the qur’an
“whoever does righeousness - it is for hus (own) soul; and whoever does evil (does so) against it. and your lord is not ever unjust to (his) servants.”
what might a muslim say meaning free will
insha’allah (if god is willing/if god wills it so
what do muslims believe about time of death
“no soul may die except with god’s permission at a predestined time”
barzakh
where souls wait before Yawmuddin, and divides the living from the dead
how is heaven described in the qur’an
as a beautiful garden, “gardens of pleasure”
how does a muslim get to heaven
living religiously, asking allah for forgiveness, and showing good actions in their life.
Muslims belive heaven has levels how do they work
around 7/many, and each heaven is made of a different material with a different prophet living in every level.
1st level of islam
made of silver and adam and eve live there
how is hell described in islam
a place of fire and torment, place of scorching fire pits and boiling water.
some muslims believe that even the souls in hell can eventually…
be sent to paradise if they have any goodness in them.
shahadah pillar
muslim declaratio of faith, all muslims know the words of the shahada and it is repeated multiple times during the day
salah pillar
prayer. compulsory for muslims to pray five times a day
zakah pillar
(charitable giving) encourages generosity and compassion
sawm pillar
obligation to fast during ramadan. teaches muslims self-discipline, which brings them closer to allah.
hajj pillar
pilgrimage to makkah. compulsory for muslims to make the trip at least once in their lifetime, as long as they are fit and healthy and can afford to go
sunni muslims and the five pillars
the pillars keep the faith strong, so sunni muslims try to keep all five to make them better muslims and support the religion fully.
shia muslims and the five pillars
they add futher duties. these, along with four of the five pillars are called the ten obligatory acts
what are the words of the shahada
“there is no god but allah, and muhammed is his messenger”
when is the shahada recited in important events
repeated during salah
recited in the adhan
whispered to newborn babies. muslim parents aim for these to be the first words a newborn baby hears.
muslims aim for it to be the last words they hear or say before they die
why is salah important
it allows muslims to communicate with allah, listen to allah, and follow in the footsteps of the prohets.
when does the qur’an say to pray 5 times a day
“establish prayer at the decline of the sun (from its meridian) until the darkness of the night (and also) the qur’an of dawn. indeed, the recitation of dawn is ever witnessed.
what 5 things must muslims do when praying
perform wudu pray five times a day at set times face makka perform certain actions which include standing, bowing, prostrating and sitting. recite in arabic
what are the five times a day a muslim should pray
fajr zuhr asr maghrib isha
why do Muslims follow the pillar of zakah
they believe it is their duty to ensure that allah’s wealth has been distributed equally as everyone is the same and was created equally.
what does zakah mean
‘that which purifies’
why is zakah so important
muslims can cleanse their wealth. it is importnat that muslims do not get attached to unnecessary things such as money and possessions. islam teaches that focussing on wealth and material possessions doees not make a good muslim
how much do muslims give to charity
2.5% of earnings ad then futhur donations
how is the giver of zakah in islam rewarded
they will receive back 100 times what they gave as zakah during their life in the afterlife
how do muslims donate their money
in a mosque or other charity
limitations of zakah
it can only be used for helping the poor helping people in need freeing prisoners, slaves or captives helping people out of debt
what does the qur’an say about zakah
“cancel not your charity by reminders of your generosity or injury - like those who spend their wealth to be seen of men, but believe in neither allah nor in the last day. they are in a parable like a hard, barren rock, on which is a little soil: on it falls heavy rain, which leaves it (just) a bare stone”
when does sawm happen
during Ramadan in the ninth month of the lunar calendar. it gets 11 days earlier each year.
why is ramadan special
it is believed to b ethe month in which muhammed began to recieve revelations of the qu’ran
what happens during ramadan
muslims give up food, liquid, smoking and sexual activity during daylight.
what does the qur’an say about fasting
“O you who believe! fasting is prescribed to you as it was prescribed to those before you, that you may (learn) self restraint
which muslims are not expected to fast
children who have not reached puberty women who are mensutrating women who are pregnant or breastfeeding people who are physically unwell. the elderly
if a muslim misses a day of ramadan what should they do
make it up at the end or donate some extra money to charity.
when does the hajj happen
12th month of the lunar calendar
where is makkah
saudi arabia, where the prohet muhammed was born and had his first revelation from allah
zamzam
a well where muslims can drink water on the hajj
wuquf
asking allah for forgiveness at mount arafat
sa’y
walking between al-safa and al-marwa hills 7 times
what 7 things must a muslim do on the hajj
wear ihram walk around the ka'bah 7 times walk quickly between the hills visit mina for midday prayers stand at arafat from noon until sunset collect pebbles from muzdalifah stone the pillars in mina celebrate id-ul adha
what are the ten obligatory acts for shia muslims
salah sawm zakah hajj jihad khums amr-bil-maroof nahil anril munkar tawalia tabarra
khums
20% annual tax. this is paid on any profit earned by muslims. the money is split between charities supporting islamic education and anyone descended from muhammed who is in need.
amr-bil-maroof
encouraging people to do what is good. “enjoy what is right and forbid what is wrong” maruf is anything that has been approved in shariah law.
nahil anril munkar
forbidding evil by discouraging people from doing what is wrong
tawalia
showing love. this includes both love for god and love for those who follow him.
tabarra
disassociation. shi’a muslims should not associate with god’s enemies.
maruf
anything that has been approved in shariah law.
differences in salah in shia and sunni islam
shia muslims combine some prayers and so only pray three times a day. sunni muslims only do this with very good reason.
shia muslims often use natural elements when praying, like clay,
shia muslims pray with their hands by their sides and sunnni muslims often pray with their hands folded (or by their sides)
jihad meaning
both a struggle for faith and a struggle against evil
greater jihad meaning
making the effort to be a good muslim through a personal struggle to improve spiritually. it is a duty and an act of worship
how should muslims follow the greater jihad
follow the five pillars forgive others work for social justice study the qur'an help those in need avoid negative qualities, eg greed avoid temptations eg alchohol
lesser jihad meaning
defending islam from threat
factors/rules for the lesser jihad
must be approved by a religious leader, fought in self-defence and not used to either convert people to islam or gain land. no harm must be doen and peace must be restored and mercy shown.
what does the qur’an say about fighting
“fight in the way of god those who fight against you, but do not transgress.”
id-ul-fitr
festival that marks the end of ramadan. it means ‘the festival of breaking the fast’.
how long does id-ul-fitr go on for
3 days.
what must muslims do during id-ul-fitr
give money to the poor in zakat-ul-fitr
why is id-ul-fitr important
marks the end of a month of fasting
brings the ummah together
time for sharing and being graeteful
time to appreciate all the positive things in life
when is id-ul-adha
approx 30 days after id-ul-fitr
what is id-ul-adha about
the idea of sacrifice for allah. muslims remember how ibrahim believed in allah so much he was prepared to sacrifice his son to show his love and dedication. it celebrates ibrahims willingness to put his trust in allah. in muslim countries its a public holiday.
what happens during id-ul-adha
an animal is sacrificed. the animal is killed in the halal way by a specialist. the animal is then divided between family, friends and the poor.. the ummah then comes together to pray
what happens during id-ul-adha in the hajj
ihram is removed for normal clothes.
men and women cut their hair to show personal sacrifice. the ummah then comes together to pray
why is id-ul-adha importatn
it allows muslims across the world to participatae in the hajj with family and friends even if they are unable tot travel to makkah.
id-ul-ghadeer
only celebraed by shia muslims. rmembers when muhammed announced in public that ali would be his successor at ghadir khum.
when does id-ul-ghadeer take place
18th day of the twelth month
what do shia muslims believe muhammed said when he announced in public that ali would be his successor at ghadir khum.
“Of whomsoever I am Lord. Then Ali is also his Lord. O God! Be thou the supporter of whoever supports Ali and the enemy of whoever opposes him.”
when is ashura
10th day of Muharram, the first month of the Islamic lunar calendar.
how do shia muslims mark ashura
a voluntary day of fasting.
what do shia muslims remember on ashura
commemeratuing the death of husayn in battle, they remember the day Noah left the Ark and the day Musa was saved from the Egyptians by God.
what are the ten days before ashura
a period of mourning
what happens on ashura
many Muslims wear black and there are often parades through the streets. Plays re-enacting the death of Husayn are often performed to remind Muslims of the events that led to his death.
characteristics of allah
tawhid transcendance fairness immanence omnipotence adalat (in shia)
where are the chacteristics of allah stated
in the Qur’an (Surah 16:35-36),
examples of allahs 99 names
Al Hakim - The Wise
Ar-Rahmaan - The Beneficent
Ar-Raheem - The Merciful
Al-Quddus - The Most Sacred
immancence
the belief that Allah is everywhere and that he knows everything and everyone.
where in the qur’an does it relate to immanence
“We create man - We know what his soul whispers to him: We are closer to him than his jugular vein.”
adalat (shia islam only)
Allah is just and created the world in a fair way.
main difference between shi and sunni islam
imamah - disagreements that arose between Muslims after the Prophet Muhammad died. The disagreements were about who should be the next leader. Today, Sunni and Shi’a Muslims recognise different leaders as the successors of Muhammad.
risalah
prophethood
whatndoes risalah mean
‘message’
what do muslims believe about the message carried by allahs prophets
all of Allah’s prophets carried the same message, but that Allah’s words had been changed or even lost by people over the centuries.
why was a final prophet needed
to finish the teachings of Allah
why is muhammed the seal of the prophets
because Muslims believe that Allah revealed the Qur’an as his final message to humanity.
describe the prophets chosen by allah
All of the prophets chosen by Allah were human, and 25 of them are mentioned directly in the Qur’an. Some of these prophets are also key role models in other religions, such as Christianity and Judaism.
who is adam
first man, who was created by Allah in his own image.
who is eve
the first woman, was created from one of Adam’s ribs
why were adam and eve banisehd from the paradise allah gave them
they disobeyed his orders.
when did adam become a prophet
when he confessedhis wondoings.
what is adam seen as
the father of the human race. He is also seen as Allah’s khalifah and the angels were expected to serve him
was ibrahim polytheistic or monotheistic
brought up in a polythestic culture, but only belived in one god (monothesistic)
ibrahims family
He had two sons, named Ishaq (Isaac) and Isma’il (Ishmael). He was also an ancestor of Muhammad.
what does the qur’an say about ibrahim
“Abraham [Ibrahim] was truly an example: devoutly obedient to God and true in faith […] he was thankful for the blessings of God who chose him and guided him to a straight path. We gave him blessings in this world, and he is among the righteous in the Hereafter.”
what did isa receive
one of Allah’s most important revelations, called the Injul
what did isa follow
tawhid, and because of this many Muslims wish to follow in his footsteps by worshipping Allah as the one God.
why is musa importnat
he was given the Al-Kitab (scripture) and Al-Furqan (the ability to know right from wrong). He was the only prophet to speak directly with Allah. Like Isa, Musa performed miracles. One of these was the parting of the seas, which allowed the Israelites to gain their freedom from slavery.
who did dawud kill
jalut
why was dawud made king of the isralites
he killed jalut
ismail description
son of Ibrahim but also a prophet himself. He is seen as the father of the Arabs, or Abul Arab. Ismail helped his father to build the Ka’bah which is considered to be the house of Allah
what does the qur’an say about following muhammed
“God and His angels bless the Prophet so, you who believe, bless him too and give him greetings of peace.”
describe muhammads youth
his parents dieed when he was young so his uncle raised him
what happened one day in AD610
Muhammad was in a cave and an angel appeared to him. This was the angel Jibril who revealed to him that he had been chosen to be the next prophet of Allah.
was muahammed happy he was prophet
yes he went to tell his wife straight away.
what did muhammad do as prophet
He removed all the idols that people were worshipping in order to allow people to focus their worship on Allah
how was the qur’an revealed to muhammad
through Jibril. Some Muslims believe that the revelation took up to 23 years.
how many key books are there in islam
5, each given by a different prophet
what does the qur’an contain
the teachings of Allah given to the Prophet Muhammad.
where does the qur’an say about its significance
“Nor could this Qur’an have been devised by anyone other than God. It is a confirmation of what was revealed before it and an explanation of the Scripture. Let there be no doubt about it, it is from the Lord of the Worlds.”
what does the tawrat contian
the ten commandments and other good teachings and laws
who was given the tawrat
musa
why is the tawrat imporatnt to muslims
it contains the judgement of allah
what is the zabur
book of pslams/psmals of dacid
what does the zabur contian
prayers, poems and songs intended to inspire people.
waht is injil
book given to isa
what is the sahifah (scrolls)
first holy book within islam. some parts have beenlost but some have been preserevd.
who was given the sahifah (scrolls)
ibrahimand musa
give a sunni viewpoint of the first caliph
aby-bakr, the prophets closeset companion would be the first caliph.
give a shia viewpoint of the first caliph
Ali, the Prophet’s son-in-law should lead the community. These Muslims came to be known as Shi’a, which means ‘Party of Ali’
when was the qu’ran revealed to muhammad
610-632 CE, cave of hira, mount nur
what is juz
the division of the qu’ran into 30, enabling it to be read in a month
how long did muhammad take to reveal the last verse
22 years, 5 months
what is laylat al-qadr
night of power, when muhammad recieved the qu’ran
how many surah are there
114
what happened with the qu’ran in 652 CE
4 copies of it were made/translated, and sent out to four islamic cities in case converts couldn’t speak arabic
wany
revelation
why is the qur’an so important
it allows muslims a glimpse into allah, as he is beyong human understanding and imagining.
what does allah do to remind humans he is the centre of life
adam and eve
the sahifah, scroll given to prophet.
zabur, psalms revealed to prophet dawud
injil, gospel revealed to isa
tajwad
reciting qu’ran with correct pronounciation
madani
ordering life sensibly
verse 225
“Allah! There is no God but He - the living, the self-subsisting, eternal
why is the qu’ran always in arabic
because the words of allah, and same since muhammad, no muslim would seriously suggest changing it
what is yusuf ali
the english and arabic qu’ran side by side for practice.
what is the sunnah
the sayings and deeds
what is the hadith
the indiviual verbal traditions
what is the first biography of muhammad
sirah, by Hisham who knew a’isha, first wife of muhammad
prophetic hadith
wise sayings and advice
qudsi hadith
quotes from allah not in qu’ran
what did bukhari do
gather the 600,000 different ahadith and checked the isnad, selecting 2762.
isnad
chain of credentials that gurantee the authenticity of a hadith
imja’
consensus
qiyas
comparisons between hadith and qur’an
fard
compulsory
mandub
recommended
mubah
allowed
mubah
allowed
makrah
frowned upon
haram
forbidden
when do young children start learning the qu’ran
5
ulama
guardians and transmitters and interpretrers of religious knowledge in islam
muhammad
born into hashemite clan
parents, then grandfather died young so cared for by uncle, abu talib
gained name of al-amin, the trustworthy one
how did muhammad recieve the revelations
muhammad called to be a prophet in 611CE
jibril appeared whilst he was meditating in cave of hira. commanded him to read but he couldnt,
wife khadijah believed this was an experience so brought him to christian cousin who confirmed it
who were the first followers of islam
ali, abu bakr, haritha, khadijah
what did the last sermon preach
“life and property of muslims as sacred trust”
“return the things kept with you as a trusst to their rightful owners”
“your wives have certain rights over you, and you have certain rights over them”
“all believers are brothers”
where was the last sermon
mount arafat at the end of the hajj
how is muhammad the seal of prophets
seal = last
muhammed not divine but human
chosen as messenger for allah
sign on shoulder
which hadiths do sunni accept
all
which hadiths do shia support
only shia transmited ones
sunni rightly guided caliphs
abu bakr
umar
uthman
ali
how do sunni now regard ali
as the first imam not fourth caliph
seveners in shia
aka isma’ilis, folow ism’ail as last prophet
twelvers in shia
muhammad al-muntazarces
how has islam been ruled since the end of imams (873)
scholars
battle of badr 624 CE
muhammed led his followers into battle to defend their safety in medinah from makkan violence . this confimed his authority and all arab clans converted
battle of uhud 625 CE
3000 makkans marched on all-madinah
technically a makkan victory but muhammad left in charge of trade route.
battle of al-khandaq 627 CE
10,000 makkans marhed on al-madinah
huge trench dug before their arrval, causing their retreat. in 628 there was a treaty
what did muhammad do in 628 CE
led pilgramage to makkah
what happened in 630 CE
makkan forces broke treaty and attacked. many makkans sympathised with muhammads side. muhammad warned everyone to stay inside and they would not be hurt. makkan forces surrender and muhammad rides around the kaaba 7 times.
surah
chapter
ayan
verse (means sign)
when was the qu’ran compiled
after muhammads death, kept safe by hafsa.
where is the qu’ran now
in heaven
