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edexcel igcse religious studies > paper one: beliefs and values > Flashcards

paper one: beliefs and values Flashcards

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1
Q

origin of the universe in christianity

A

genesis 1: a poem based on a seven day format. written in about 450BC and reflects God’s omnipotence

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2
Q

what did god create on the first day

A

the heavens and the earth, light and darkness.

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3
Q

what did god create on the second day

A

the water and the sky.

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4
Q

what did god create on the third day

A

the land and seas

vegetation and plants and trees and fruit

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5
Q

what did god create on the fourth day

A

stars, sun and moon

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6
Q

what did god create on the fifth day

A

fish and birds

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7
Q

what did god create on the sixth day

A

livestock and living creatures, and humans

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8
Q

big bang theory def

A

the scientific belief that the universe began with an explosion that makes up the universe came into being

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9
Q

how did the big bang theory arise

A

falaxies are getting futher away from us
the universe is getting cooler
same noise at every part of the universe

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10
Q

when did the big bang happen

A

15 million years ago

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11
Q

steady state theory

A

changes in the universe are always happening and that matter and energy are different forms of the same thing.

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12
Q

other scientific theories about the origins of the universe

A

it will just keep growing until it evaporates to nothing
keep growing until maximum expansion and then collapse in on itself which will lead to the next big bang.
the sun will become a red star and life on earth will become unsustainable

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13
Q

negative implications of darwinian theory of evolution

A

humans are just another more advanced form of animals
creation of humans was just a lucky genetic mutation
humans have no more right on earth than any other animal

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14
Q

positive implicaitons of evolution

A

evolution leading up to me - self-acknowledgement

the way you act is therefore important because you should recognise the value of the human race as a whole.

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15
Q

imago dei

A

humans are made int he image and likeness of god, which means that the qualities that make humans different are reflctions of gods qualities e.g. love and knowledge

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16
Q

do humans have the command from God to fill the earth

A

yes “be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth and subdue it”

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17
Q

god’s relationship given to humans and animals

A

humans are given free will unlike other animals
humans have power over animals (adam named them)
humans have stewardship
humans are the only animal God has made a covenant with

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18
Q

chrisitans for environmental stewarship quote

A

“the bible says that God expects, even demands, that we be stewards of His creation”

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19
Q

encironment quote as declaration of bartholemew I

A

“to commit a crime against the natural world is a sin,”

“…to cause species to become extinct and to destroy the biological diversity of God;s creation… for humans to contaminate the earths waters, its land, its air, and its life with poisonous substances-these are sins”

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20
Q

what did pope john II write about the misuse of the natural world

A

that is a kind of blasphemy - destroying the world God created

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21
Q

indiviual responses to the envionment

A

reccling and reducing unnecessary packaging

home energy conservation and insulation

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22
Q

community responses to the environment

A

non-polluting forms of transport

buy local

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23
Q

christian community reponses to the envrironemtn

A

the crediton methodist church in devon was awarded the eco-congregation award in august 2007 for making the church premises and garden energy efficient etc.

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24
Q

what does the bible say about the power of humans over animals

A

“…fill the earth and subdue it; and have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the air and over every living thing that moves upon the earth.” (Genesis 1:28)

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25
Q

what have laws made illegal to mistreat an animal

A

neglect or ill-treat an animal, including when being transported or slaughtered
keep some animals without a special licence, eg those which are dangerous or a rare breed
stage the fighting of animals, such as dog or cock fighting, to bet on the outcome of such a fight or to be present at a fight
use animals in the research and development of cosmetics

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26
Q

transendence

A

god is above all

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27
Q

omnipotence

A

god is all powerful

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28
Q

omniscinece

A

god is all knowing

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29
Q

omnipresence

A

god is everywhere at the same time

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30
Q

onibenevolcence

A

god is all loving

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31
Q

immanence

A

god is wihinall

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32
Q

holy trinity

A

god who is father - transcendent creator
god who is son - jesus who is immanent and personal who came to earth and lived a human life
god who is the holy spirit - immanent but impersonal

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33
Q

ontological argument

A

put forward by st anselm of canterbury (1033-1109)

god is the most perfect being imaginable, and he must exist otherwise we could not produce this description.

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34
Q

cosmological arguemnt

A

universe must have come form somewhere, everything must have a cause to exist and this can be traced back to the first cause - god, so god is a necessary being.
st thomas aquinas put this forward and its backed up with the big bang theory

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35
Q

teleological argument

A

the universe has to have been designed by something or someone
william paely explains this with a watch

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36
Q

atheist def

A

someone who doesnt believe in god

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37
Q

theist def

A

someone who believes in god

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38
Q

agnostic def

A

someone who doesnt actively believe in or not believe in god, and isn’t persuaded by theories for either argument

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39
Q

goldilocks effect

A

if physical properties were minutely different then we would not be here, they are just right.

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40
Q

what argument did darwins natural selection theory of evolution challenge

A

the teleological arguement

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41
Q

argument from experience

A

religious experiences causing devotion to god

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42
Q

moral arguemnt

A

knowledge of bad and good must have come from god, conscience comes from god

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43
Q

why do people think god doesnt exist

A

arent persuaded by evidence either way or argue that everything can be explained without god.

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44
Q

religious experince

A

an ecperience where one feels great sense of wonder and spiritual connection or awe. ‘wholly other’. some see god.

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45
Q

christian worship

A 
sundays are holy
church services
eucharist
the bible
quaker meetings
rosary prayer beads
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46
Q

imago dei translation

A

in his own image

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47
Q

what separataes humans from animals

A

our soul

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48
Q

which philoshopher believed that animals have a soul

A

st francis of assisi

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49
Q

original sin

A

when adma and eve ate fruit from the garden of eve

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50
Q

physicalism def

A

real world consists simply of the physical world, and we do not have souls that live on after we die

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51
Q

dualism def

A

we have souls that live on after we die

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52
Q

what is purgatory

A

where christians are waiting to either go to heaven or hell

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53
Q

funeral rites in christianity

A

funeral service
burial or cremation
candles to represent the soul and prayers going up to heaven

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54
Q

natural evil

A

natural disasters (uncontrollable bad things)

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55
Q

moral evil

A

man-made ecil - deeds and behaviour of people (preventable bad things)

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56
Q

inconsistent triad

A

if god is all loving, all knowing and all powerful how do bad things exist

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57
Q

Christian texts

A

bible
old testament: jewish scriptures, 39 books
new testament: early christian writings, 27 books

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58
Q

authority of the bible in catholiccism

A

church has authority over the bible to choose what people should believe

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59
Q

authority of bible in literalism

A

you cant take the bible literally, ‘pick and choose’

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60
Q

problems with catholic authority over the bible

A

everyone has different views and followings (inconsistencies)
‘pick and choose’ approach is sometimes not possible
scholars can be hampered in exmaination of difficult issues

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61
Q

verbal inerrancy

A

every word was inspired by gods guidance of the writers through the holy spirit

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62
Q

liberal view of authority of bible

A

it is an indiviuals duty to choose what they believe in teh bible

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63
Q

conservative view of authority of bible

A

it came from god, and bible should have authority over church

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64
Q

cosmology meaning

A

origins of the universe - based on science not religion

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65
Q

where does genesis describe the soul

A

“the lord God formed the man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils, the breath of life, and the man became a living being”

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66
Q

church of england on treatment of animals

A

‘developments in science, medicine, and technology; should be monitored ‘in light of christian ethical principles’

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67
Q

methodist church on treatment of animals

A

‘the universe as a whole is a product of god’s creative and imagninative will. men and women are to be stewards and curators, not exploitors of its resources, material, animla and spiritual.’

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68
Q

quakers on treatment of animals

A

‘believe that the air, sea, earth, forests, animals and ourselves are all intimatelt connected, and the way in which we treat all of those things relects on ourselves and consequently on God.’

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69
Q

1998 european christian environmental network was established to help churhes of england to

A

share information and common experiences
reflect a wide variety of church traditions
engage in a broad range of environmental work
encourage eachother in being a united witness to caring for god’s creation

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70
Q

waht does genesis say about the creation of eve

A

“then the lord god made a woman from the rib he had taken out fo the man, and he brought her to the man.

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71
Q

what does peter say about the role and treatment of women in marriage

A

“treat them with respect as the weaker partner… so that nothing will hinder your prayer.”

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72
Q

how long have there been women ministers

A

methodists: 1880

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73
Q

why is marriage importatn

A

gift from god
help and support one another
bringing up children

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74
Q

marraige in christianity

A

vows
declarations
ring giving

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75
Q

new testament paul view on homosexuality

A

“men committed indecent acts with other men, and receibed in themselves the due penalty for their perversion”

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76
Q

Christian church on homosexuality

A

doesnt consider it acceptable

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77
Q

church of england beliefs on divorce and remarriage

A

its permitted and they should be allowed to marry someone else

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78
Q

roman catholic church views on divorce and remarriage

A

accepts people that get a divorce, but does not change their status according to th e church so they still receive communion. but if they remarry they will stop receiving communion as they now see it as a sin

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79
Q

annulment in christinaity

A

acceptable if they qualify (have a basis that the marriage was flawed) this also doesnt make any children illegitimate

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80
Q

does christianity accept cohabitation

A

not usually - “sexual acts outside marriage always constitutes a grave sin and excludes one from sacramental communion”

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81
Q

what did jesus say about marriage on the sermon on the mount

A

“do not commit adultery. but I tell you that anyone who looks at a woman lustfully has already committed adultery with her in his heart” matthew

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82
Q

who thought that everyone should remain celbiate

A

st paul

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83
Q

christian views on contraception

A

most feel that its okay and the bible should be adapted for this age, but the roman catholic church follows “be fruitful and multiply” from genesis

84
Q

why do christians follow the sanctity of life

A

imago dei “so god created man in his own image”
description of god planning each human life, ““you knit me together in my mother’s womb”
“you shall not murder”

85
Q

christianity on abortion

A

roman catholics opposed
protestant churches accept it
church of england opposes

86
Q

biblical teaching on abortion

A

“before i fomed you in the womb i knew you,” jermiah

87
Q

absolute morality

A

something moral in all circumstances”

88
Q

types of fertility treatment

A 
IVF
artifical insemination (by donor or husband)
89
Q

roman catholic view on fertility treatment

A

“life is gods gift and we do not have a right to children”

90
Q

why would chrisitanity be against fertility treatment

A

women can have babies after menopause

they think lesbian couples shouldnt be able to have a child together

91
Q

does the anglican church support fertility treatment

A

yes “be fruitful and increase in number”

92
Q

chrisitan views on cloning

A

sanctitiy of life

meaning of sex and marriage

93
Q

biblical teaching on caring for others

A

“love thy neighbour” jesus says this is the most importatnt commandment

94
Q

can christians be rich when others are poor?

A

“it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of god”

95
Q

jus ad bellum

A

whether it is right to go to war

96
Q

jus in bello

A

correct conduct during war

97
Q

jus post bellum

A

conduct after war

98
Q

pacifism

A

war is always and will always be wrong

99
Q

biblical teachings on violene”

A

“blessed are the peacemaekrs” matthew
“you shall not commit murder” exodus
“prepare for war! rouse the warriors!” joel

100
Q

aims of punishment

A

deterrence
protection
retribution
reformation

101
Q

justice def

A

maintenance or administration of what is just by the impartial adjustment of confliciting claims or the assignment of merited rewards or punishments

102
Q

jesus and the treatment of criminals

A

“then neither do i condemn you. jesus declared. go now and leave you r life of sin” a woman committed adultery and jesus did not apporove but taught her and everyone else that they and himself were unfit to judge her

103
Q

christian teaching against social injustice

A

“when a foreigner lives with you in your land, do not mistreat him”

104
Q

christian views on equality

A

“you are all one in jesus christ”

however the crusades thousands were killed in the name of christianity

105
Q

christian views on gender roles

A

“women should remain silent in the churches”

“great priscilla and aquila, my fellow workers in christ jesus”

106
Q

attitudes to religion

A

missonary work - ‘christian duty and obligation to convery as many people to christianity as possible.’ - catechism of the roman catholic church
evangelism - spreading of the teachings of jesus
ecumenism - minor differences between the many branches of christanity but the share the same essential beliefs

107
Q

forgiveness and reconciliation in Christianity

A

“love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you”
“forgive us our debts”
“how dare you turn my fathers house into a market!”

108
Q

Magisteria

A

Area of thought

109
Q

Intrinsic value

A

In and of itself

110
Q

Instrumental value

A

Purpose

111
Q

Aristotle’s four causes

A

Material
Efficient
Formal
Final

112
Q

Eudaimonia

A

Well-being/good souled

113
Q

pacifism

A

total opposition to war regardless of circumstances

114
Q

stewardship

A

idea of caring and taking responsibility for a paticualr thing

115
Q

physicalism

A

belief humas only have a body and not a soul

116
Q

determinism

A

pre-determined by genes

117
Q

what is capital punishment

A

the death penalty

118
Q

what is corporal punishment

A

punishment designed to cause physical harm

119
Q

what is restorative justice

A

rehabilitation and reconciliation

120
Q

deterrent

A

something to discourage crime

121
Q

reoffender

A

someone who commits a crime repeatedly

122
Q

biblical quote supporting capital punishment

A

“Show no pity. Life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth.” - Deuteronomy 19.21

123
Q

biblical quote opposing capital punishment

A

“neither do I condemn you” - John 8:2 - 11

124
Q

detterent

A

a punishment designed to discourage others from comitting a crime

125
Q

re-offending

A

the act of comitting a crime repeatedly

126
Q

rehabilitation

A

the process of restoring a criminal to a useful and constructiveprocess in society

127
Q

restorative justice

A

an organised meeting between an offender and victims

128
Q

mitigating circumstances

A

a situation that can reduce the severity of the charge/punishment

129
Q

biblical quote supporting capital punishment (vengeance)

A

“show no pity. life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth” deuteronomy

130
Q

biblical quote against capital punishment (right to judge/hold a grudge)

A

“neither do I condemn you” john

131
Q

biblical quote for capital punishment (command)

A

“thou shalt not kill”

132
Q

quote against capital punishment (sin in allowing it)

A

“all evil is either sin or the effects of sin” st augustine

133
Q

when was the same sex marriage act

A

same sex couples able to get married in religious serivces in england and walex. the governments new law received royal approval in july 2013

134
Q

quaker view on homosexuality

A

“it’s wonderful to see same sex marriage achieve legal recognition, quakers see the light of god in everyone so we respect the inherent worth of each indiviaual and each loving relationship”

135
Q

catholic view on homosexuality

A

being homosexual is not a sin
homosexual relationships are a sin adn they should be celibate
homophobia is wrong

136
Q

why do catholics have the view they have on homosexuality

A

“do not have sexual relations with a man as one does with a woman: that is detestable” Leviticus 18.22

sex should be procreative
people cannot help their sexual orientation but they can control their sexual behaviour

137
Q

evangelical view of homosexulaity

A

it is a sin and there shoudl be no active homosexuals

the salvation of christ ccan remove homosexuality.

138
Q

liberal views on homosexuality

A

god-given and not a sin

all homosexual relationships are acceptabole but may not be seen as equal.

139
Q

why do liberals have this iew on homosexuality

A

bible teachings need re-interpreting in the light of modern morality. (this has already happened about slavery etc)

140
Q

what did the church of england say about propsals to call for churches to conduct same sex marriage

A

“we believe that redefining marriage to include same sex relationsjops will ential a dilution in the maninf of marriage for everyone by exclyding the fundamental complemntarity of mean and women from the social and legal definiton of marriage”

141
Q

christian views on family :)

A

in the gospels, jesus uses language of family and friends when talking about god, and this interlinking of human relationships with a divine being suggests that being in close familial relationships will bring you closer to God

basis for child bearing: “making a family a school of deeper humanity. this happens when there is care and love for the children”

142
Q

humanist/opposition to Christian views on family

A

“i don’t belive in a god or gods to take care of me throughout my life. the love and support of my family is therefore paticularly important to me” if religion’s purpose is a family then why is religion required at all

the pope says the family is “an educational unit”, is this all family should be

143
Q

christian opposition to contraception

A

“fill the earth and subdue it, be fruitful and multiply”

Roman catholic church teaches ‘natural’ birth control

144
Q

christian allowances/support of contraception

A

birth control is the “lesser of 2 evils” said the pope during the Zika virus

liberal protestant accept it for health and prevention as long as they “avoid sexual immorality”

145
Q

christian opposition to homosexuality

A

“do not have sexual relations with a man as one does with a women; that is detestable”

“redefining marriage to include same sex couples will entail a dilution in the meaning of marriage for everyone by excluding the fundamental complementarity of men and women from the social and legal definiton of marriage” church of england

146
Q

christian support of homosexual marriage

A

same sex marriage act of july 2013 by quakers “we respect the inherent worth of each indiviual and each long relationship”

the bible is inspired by God, not direct word. liberals believe they should not be taken out of social and historical context

147
Q

are humans selfish by nature (yes)

A

first thing is genesis is humans disobeying God, the fall. original sin.

“all evil is either sin or the effects of the sin” - st augustine

148
Q

are humans selfish by nature (no)

A

imago dei, “god created human beings, making them to be like himself”

humanist view of “existence precedes essence” born as blank slate at birth and influenced by the surroundings

149
Q

arguments FOR free will and predestination

A

if god has allowed life to evolve then he cannot suddenly interfere and change things

unpredictability gives value to life

150
Q

arguments AGAINST free will and predestination

A

“the heart of man plans his way but the lord establishes his steps”

“in him we have… been predestined”

151
Q

arguments FOR souls and dualism

A

“he breathed life-giving breath into his nostrils” (and not to animals)

“before I formed you in the womb I knew you

152
Q

arguments AGAINST souls and dualism

A

“you were made from soil, and you will become soil again”

“when we die, there are two things we leave behind us: genes and memes” - richard dawkins

153
Q

ernest lucas view on science and religion

A

science is the how

religion is the why

154
Q

cosomological argument

A

theory of causation and relies upon a contingent being

155
Q

teleological arguement

A

humans are too intricate and the world is too detailed to be chance, it must have been design

156
Q

parallel multiverse theory

A

there is a universe with every single possiblity, so there will be one with the existence fo a god

157
Q

arguments FOR the problem of evil

A

free will/man-made/moral evil
we are tainted by original sin

“you meant evil against me, but God meant it for good.” utilitarianism, dietrich bonhoeffer and his involvement in the plot to kill hitler

158
Q

arguments AGAINST the problem of evil

A

test our faith, story of job, vale of soul making.

natural evil, volcanoes, gratitious. allows us to become technilogically advanced and and provide opportunities to those living nearby

159
Q

argument in SUPPORT of religious experiences

A

cannot be denied, even if someone cannot put into words. davey falcus turned from a life of crime to preacher of christianity

they happen to people of all religions and social classes and many people have had them like saul “if any of you lacks wisdom, let hima sk fGod

160
Q

arguments AGAINST religious experiences

A

no empirical evidence, davey falcus may have been on drugs

they nearly only happen to people who already know the religion (not converted, like saul who was a Jew and then saw Jesus)

161
Q

christian cause of war?

A

failure to live by god’s standards

162
Q

who came up with the just war theory

A

st thomas aquinas in the 16th to 17th century

163
Q

what is jus ad bellum

A

motivations to go to war

164
Q

what is jus in bello

A

methods of war

165
Q

what is the just war criteria

A 
just cause
just intention
proper authority and public declaration
last resort
probability of success
proportionality
166
Q

weapons of mass destructions e.g.

A

chemical weapons
biological weapons
smart missiles

167
Q

FOR weapons of mass destruction

A

kept major powers from coming to war since 1955 (mutually assured destruction)
preferable to have those bombs for deterance than one to be used

168
Q

AGAINST weapons of mass destruction

A 
immense and long lasting
countries with no involvement could be harmed
could destroy all human life
costly to develop and maintain
no effective protection from them
169
Q

cost of war

A 
death and destruction
displaced people
economic cost
the environment 
psychological effects
tourism
170
Q

current areas of conflict

A

syrian civil war
yemini crisis
tigray war

171
Q

syrian civil war

A

discontent with syrian civil gov and many other participants. 2011 - now

172
Q

yemini crisis

A

revolution against president ali abdullah salen 2011-2012. war began in 2014 until Hadi resigned

173
Q

tigray war

A

tigray people’s liberation front vs government and ethioian national defense forces. all sides have committed war crimes

174
Q

for pacifism

A 
"blessed are the peacemakers"
"love you enemies"
"if anyone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also"
sanctity of life
ten commandments forbid murder
175
Q

against pacifism

A

“defend the rights… rescue them from the power of evil men”
“let him who has no sword sell his mantle and buy one”
holy/just war

176
Q

humanist support for pacifism

A

value of human life
utilitarianism
never last resort
oppose war but help by e.g. driving ambulances

177
Q

NCPO

A

National council for peace and order

178
Q

what does the UN do for peace

A

security councils
general assembly
preventative diplomacy and meditation

179
Q

security council

A

allows for parties to discuss issues

180
Q

general assembly

A

main place for decision making and actions to take place

181
Q

preventative diplomacy and meditation

A

aims to prevent conflict in the first place

182
Q

what is sin

A

not living according to the will of god

183
Q

what is crime

A

breaking laws set by the government

184
Q

indiviualists

A

believe that crime is the responsibility of the person involved and they should take the punishment

185
Q

collectivist

A

believe that some people are more at risk. better social conditions will lower crime

186
Q

what conditions might make someone more likely to commit a crime

A 
political/religious beliefs
desperation
poverty
parental neglect
addiction
mental illness
187
Q

christian attitudes to sin

A

catholic sacrement of confession (easter sunday jesus )

188
Q

what is walk

A

a christian organisation that gives men 1-2 year programmes to help them to realise their “god-given gifts”.

189
Q

who are prison fellowship

A

they run services based on restorative justice

190
Q

what services do prison fellowship provide

A

letter link
angel tree
chaplaincy support
sycamore tree

191
Q

who are street pastors

A

trained christian volunteers who listen and help those out on the streets.

192
Q

for punishmnet

A

“show no pity. life for life”

“god will destroy that person”

193
Q

against punishment

A

“neither do I condemn you”
“all evil is either sin or the effects of sin”
“forgive those”
“pray for those who persecute you”

194
Q

capital punishment: lisa montgomery

A

lisa montgomery had suffered abuse from a very younfgage. but people of baltimore suffer too, for the loss of bobbie stinnett

195
Q

how many countries still have the death penalty

A

56

196
Q

how many deaths were there in 2019 due to capital punisment

A

657

197
Q

humanist opposition to capital punishment

A

inhumane
damages victim’s recovery if they feel guilt
“unlogical”

198
Q

humanist support to capital punishment

A

aids recovery of victim?
ensures no reoffence
large deterrent
better than a prison life sentence?

199
Q

mennionites view on peace

A

grew from protestant church in early 1500s

“love your enemies” prevents war in any form

200
Q

change in church view on war

A

first 300 years strongly pacificist but in the council of arles 1314, “to forbid the sate the right to go to war is to condemn it to extinction”

201
Q

religious war

A

the crusades, pope urban II called the first crusade because muslims took control of jerusalem

202
Q

economic war

A

ww2, germany attacked poland to regain land after losing it in the treaty of versailles

203
Q

political war

A

trojan war, trojan horse sent to “regain” helen of troy

204
Q

who was franz jagerstatter

A

an Austrian farmer who refused to fight for the nazis, and was consequently killed.

205
Q

what did the church say on the 75th anniversary of hiroshima and nagasaki

A

“as christians we reject nuclear weapons” -CND

edexcel igcse religious studies (2 decks)

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