Paper Practice Exam Material Flashcards by Molly Froebel

Best measurements to assess growth?

Recumbent length and weight
Height and weight
Height and BMI
Height and head circumference

Height and weight

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Which does not occur during pregnancy?

GERD becomes more common
GI motility increases
Appetite increases
Thirst increases

GI motility DOES NOT increase

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Pregnant women need a minimum of how many grams of CHOs daily?

150
175
200
225

175

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How many grams per day of protein for women?

46
51
60
71

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How many g/kg/day of protein for women above 19 who are not pregnant?

0.8

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How many grams of protein per day for pregnant women?

46
51
60
71

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Protein requirement for adolescents (g/kg/day)?

0.95

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Adolescent RDA of Calcium?

1000 mg/d
1200
1300
1500

1300mg/d

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Elderly need which RDA of Calcium?

1000 mg/d
1200
1400
1500

1200 mg/d

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Angiotensin II …

Prevents the adrenals from releasing aldosterone
Prevents the lungs from producing rennin
Stimulates the adrenals to release more aldosterone
Stimulates the lungs to produce rennin

Stimulates the adrenals to produce more aldosterone

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End product of beta-oxidation in the mitochondria (fatty acid oxidation) is

Triacylglcyerol
Pyruvate
acetyl-CoA
glycerol

acetyl-CoA

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A glycemic index at or below which level is considered “low glycemic”?

75
65
60
55

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Where is glucagon synthesized?

Large Intestine
Pancreas
Liver
Spleen

Pancreas (Alpha cells)

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How many kcal/gram is alcohol?

5
7
9
11

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Which refers to adding certain vitamins/minerals to specific foods like grains to replace those lost during processing?

Fortification
Enrichment
Enhancement
Supplementation

Enrichement

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Which refers to adding vitamin/minerals not lost during processing?

Fortification
Enrichment
Enhancement
Supplementation

Fortification

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Which beriberi do these sx belong to: muscle wasting, leg cramps, tenderness, decreased sensation in fingers/toes?

Dry
Wet
Cerebral
Infantile

Dry

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Which beriberi do these associate with: cardiomegaly, tachycardia, right side heart failure, edema?

Dry
Wet
Cerebral
Acute

Wet

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Which beriberi occurs in infants and has sx of anorexia, vomiting, lactic acidosis?

Dry
Wet
Acute

Acute

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Which B vitamin assists in redox reactions and in reactions that protect biological membranes from oxidative damage?

Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
Pantothenic acid

Riboflavin

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________ is a deficiency characterized by cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis, muscle weakness, and confusion.

Beriberi
Pellagra
Ariboflavanosis
Pernicious anemia

Ariboflavanosis (B2 deficiency)

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A deficiency of which vitamin can cause “burning feet syndrome”?

Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
Pantothenic acid

Pantothenic acid

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Best options for B6 sources?

Chickpeas, fish, and chicken
Broccoli, egga, canola oil
Cheese, pineapple, pasta
Apples, wheat bread, yogurt

Chickpeas, fish, chicken

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Normal rec for women of folate is _______mcg/day. Pregnancy rec is _______mcg/day.

200 … 400
400 … 600
600 … 800
400 … 1000

400 … 600mcg/day

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In the enterocytes, retinal is Esterified Reduced to retinol Transported into portal blood made into beta-carotene

Esterified

How do anticoagulant drugs inhibit vitamin K activity? Stimulate osteocalcin synthesis Interfere with micelle formation so Vit K not absorbed Prevents calcium from interacting with Gla residues Inhibits formation of active form of Vit K

Inhibits formation of Active form of Vit K

Which tissues do PTH and Vit D act on to increase calcium resorption? Bone Kidney Small intestine Liver

Kidney

Maximum sodium intake for general population? 1500 mg/day 2300 3300 4400

2300 mg/day

What percentage of energy consumption should health adults aim for with lipids? 5-20% 20-35% 35-50% 50-60%

20-35%

Difference between glycemic index and glycemic load accounts for the Timing of carb consumption Amt of carbs in the serving Body weight of person eating it type of carb consumed

amount of carbs in the serving

White spots on the nails can be a sign of which deficiency? Vit C Mg Zn B6

Zinc

C-reactive protein Is produced by kidneys Is in common blood tests Monitors metabolic stress All of the above

monitors metabolic stress

A current weight (of usual body weight) of 86% is considered to be Healthy Mild malnutrition Moderate malnutrition Severe malnutrition

Mild malnutrition

Which is not a visceral blood marker? Prealbumin Glucose Transferrin Albumin

Glucose

Which is better predictor of cardiovascular death? Total cholesterol LDL to HDL ratio total cholesterol to LDL ratio total cholesterol to HDL ratio

total cholesterol to HDL ratio

Serum albumin tests Are an early indicator of protein malnutrition Measure parietal protein status Are a more sensitive indicator than serum transferrin None of these.

None of these Low serum albumin concentrations among the elderly suggest a lower set point for albumin synthesis with aging; dietary protein usually is ineffective in increasing serum albumin concentrations in these individuals. However, available data suggest that a serum albumin concentration <3.5 g/dL is indicative of malnutrition in an elderly individual. Serum albumin concentration is reflective of body protein reserves; concentrations below 5.5 g/dL usually are suggestive of protein malnutrition, gastrointestinal inflammation, digestive incapacity, edema in extremities, severe acute liver disease, congestive heart failure, eclampsia of pregnancy, or extravascular protein loss due to renal dysfunction. Serum albumin concentrations less than 3.5 g/dL often accompany dehydration or hypothyroidism.

Hemoglobin is an important test that can determine all of these EXCEPT: Anemia Protein status Trace mineral status All of the above

All of the above

Nutrition diagnosis stands for Plan, evaluate, signs and symptoms problem, etiology, signs and symptoms plan, related to, etiology, and signs problem, evaluate, signs and symptoms

prolem, etiology, signs and symptoms

Cystic fibrosis patients have significant respiratory difficulties and digestive complications due to a genetic defect that results in the inability to pump which ions across the cell membrane? Sodium Potassium Phosphate Chloride

Chloride

Leucine antagonizes which nutrient? B1 B2 B3 B6

B6 (excess leucine can impair the conversion of tryptophan to nicotinic acid)

Which phase of detoxification does the CYP450 enzyme system belong to? Phase 1 Phase 2

Phase 1

Which organism is anaerobic and induces nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea approx 8-18 hours after ingestion? Clostridium botulinum Clostridium perfringens Bacillus cerus Staphylococcus aureus

Clostridium perfringes

Which is not a potentially modifiable risk factor for osteoporosis? Anorexia nervosa Chronically low intake of calcium and vit D Excessive EtOH consumption Chronically low intake of vitamins C and B6

Chronically low intake of Vitamins C and B6

End products of bacterial fermentation of malabsorbed CHOS are: CO2, hydrogen, and pyruvate Lactic acid, AKG, and CO2 Lactic acid, hydrogen and CH4 SCFAs, hydrogen and CO2

SCFAs, Hydrogen, and CO2

Which percentage of people over 50 are estimated to have osteoporosis? 25 35 45 55

55%

Based on USDA, less than which percent of kcal should be from saturated fat? 20 35 10 15

Which has been shown to relieve sx of PMS and menopause? Aloe vera EPO Motherwort Red Clover

EPO

Most common cause of CKD: Glomerulonephritis Diabetic neuropathy HTN Kidney stones

Diabetic neuropathy

Which microorganism is likely responsible for acute gastroenteritis 4-6 hours after eating custard pie? Campylobacter jejuni Listeria monocytogenes Staphylococcus aureus Vibrio parahaemolyticus

S. aureus Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive, round-shaped bacterium that is a member of the Firmicutes, and it is a usual member of the microbiota of the body, frequently found in the upper respiratory tract and on the skin.

Which is the most common fish related toxin in the USA? Red Tide Pufferfish Ciguatera Histamine

Ciguatera: Ciguatera is a foodborn illness (food poisoning) caused by eating fish that is contaminated by ciguatera toxin. Ciguatera toxin is a heat-stable lipid soluble compound, produced by dinoflagellates and concentrated in fish organs, that can cause nausea, pain, cardiac, and neurological symptoms in humans when ingested red tide" is a common term used for a harmful algal bloom. ... This bloom, like many HABs, is caused by microscopic algae that produce toxins that kill fish and make shellfish dangerous to eat. The toxins may also make the surrounding air difficult to breathe. Almost all pufferfish contain tetrodotoxin, a substance that makes them foul tasting and often lethal to fish. To humans, tetrodotoxin is deadly, up to 1,200 times more poisonous than cyanide. There is enough toxin in one pufferfish to kill 30 adult humans, and there is no known antidote.

Food that is high-risk for contributing to foodborne illness includes those that are: High in protein and acidity High in protein and water Low in protein and acidity Low in water and fat

High in protein and water

Which two minerals are lost in the greatest quantity in sweat? Magnesium and calcium Calcium and iron Zinc and iron Sodium and Chloride

Sodium and chloride

Of these, which is found in the highest amount in sweat (not necessarily highest overall in sweat, but out of these 4 options)? Zinc Copper Calcium Magnesium

Calcium

Acetylcholine acts to increase or decrease movement?

Increase

Zantac has significant amounts of which ? Calcium Magnesium Sodium Potassium

Sodium

Which are ok egg substitutes? ``` Fruit puree Tofu Flax Yeast All of the above ```

All of the above

T2DM, FTO, ADRB3 are SNPs that relate to: Immune suppression CVD Weight management Cystic Fibrosis

Weight management

Estrogen and testosterone levels are impacted by Molybdenum Magnesium Boron Selenium

Boron

Richest sources of iron from these options? lamb chicken beef oysters

oysters

Respiratory quotient for protein... 1 0. 5 0. 7 0. 8

0.8

Which is not associated with a risk of hepatotoxicity? Comfrey Valerian Green tea extract ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba

For patients with CKD, serum albumin reflects protein malnutrition poor nutrient utilization inflammation

inflammation

Substance P is a neurotransmitter that stimulates pain receptors in the body and increases sensory awareness and peristalsis relaxes the LES decreases motility regulates blood flow

increases sensory awareness and peristalsis

People with kidney stones related to acidity could ingest high potassium foods for what reason? those foods reduce serum calcium potassium competes with oxalates those foods are highly alkaline they shouldn't ingest high potassium foods

the foods are highly alkaline

Amount of iron for pregnant woman? 15mg/d 18mg/d 27mg/d 34 mg/d

27mg/d

Ruling out celiac is important when assessing thyroid disease. True or False

True

Which bacteria is the primary source of food-borne illness that includes these sx: bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and fever? E coli Campylobacter jejuni Listeria clostridium botulinum

c jejuni (from raw/undercooked meat, shellfish, poultry)

High fat foods are usually not well-tolerated in which condition? PKU Cystic fibrosis IBD histamine intolerace

In GERD, ____ Lower esophageal sphincter pressure is a likely underlying cause. Increased Decreased

Decreased

Which are higher in oxalates? Organ meats tomatoes, peppers, eggplants swiss chard, collards, parsley potatoes and carrots

swiss chard, collards, parsley

A food and exercise journal is a daily requirement for adolescents who are overweight Stage 1. True or False

FALSE...it's stage 2, for obesity treatment

EtOH consumption increases the risk of the following EXCEPT: prostate cancer colon cancer breast cancer lung cancer

prostate cancer

Iron's bioavailability is increased by cobalt tea dietary sugars dietary fibers

dietary sugars

Which nutrient is not expected to be depleted due to an injury? Mg Ca P K

What is the protein need for post-op patients in g/kg/day? 0.85-1.5 2-2.5 1.5-2 3-4

1.5-2.0 g/kg/day

Which is likely a cause for respiratory acidosis? emphysema meningitis heart failure pregnacy

emphysema

Which of these is a calcium-binding protein found in Prevagen that improves memory in those with mild memory impairment? theanine lactium apoaequorin garum armoricum

apoaequorin

Which vitamin toxicity can induce blurred vision, nausea, and vertigo? Vitamin E Vitamin C Vitamin A Vitamin K

Vitamin A toxicity

How many servings of fruits/vegetables per day on a DASH diet for HTN? 1-2 3-4 5-7 8-10

8-10

Carrageenan can reduce cholesterol. true or false

true

A hx of sexual or physical abuse in childhood is most closely linked to anorexia bulimia both anorexia and bulimia pica

Both Conclusions: Consistent with previous findings, the present results indicate that the prevalence of CSA is high among individuals seeking inpatient treatment for AN. A history of CSA was associated with greater psychiatric disturbance overall and a higher rate of dropout for patients of the binge-purge subtype.

Soy can be considered a therapeutic food to help with detox pathways. True or False

True

Which is not an osteoporosis major risk factor? Using PPIs Being overweight Loss of menses Being underweight

Being overweight

Which is not recommended for cancer patients with altered taste or smell? use plastic instead of metal utensils good oral hygiene eat cooler rather than warmer foods Avoid marinades and spices

avoid marinades and spices...these are actually helpful

Which doesn't inhibit non-heme iron? Tannins Phosphates Leucine Dietary Fiber

Leucine

Enterocytes prefer which of these for fuel? Butyrate Glutamine Fiber Acetate

Glutamine

Saponins help reduce total cholesterol. They are found in all of these except which? Tomatoes Spinach Cabbage Legumes

Cabbage

Patient has a pale tongue...which nutrient deficiency is likely? Vitamin A Vitamin C Iron Zinc

Iron

Fissured tongues suggests which deficiency? B3 B2 Vitamin C Zinc

B2 Riboflavin, B3 niacin can be red swollen

Which nutrient doesn't require an increase in daily intake during pregnancy? Mg Se Vit C Vit E

Vit E does not need to be increased

Absorption of copper can be interfered with by all except EtOH Zn Ca fructose

calcium

Avoid these food when on MAOIs EXCEPT... sauerkraut blue cheese smoked salmon soy sauce

smoked salmon the rest contain vasopressors (dopamine, histamine, tyramine, etc)...fermented foods can react with MAOI Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are a class of drugs that inhibit the activity of one or both monoamine oxidase enzymes: monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). They are best known as powerful anti-depressants, as well as effective therapeutic agents for panic disorder and social phobia.

Manganese is not useful in which of these? osteoarthritis pain wound healing glutamine production metabolism of methionine

metabolism of methionine

Measuring head circumference up to 2 years of age.. helps determine if microcephaly is present helps measure growth helps measure brain growth indirectly

helps measure brain growth indirectly

Missing teeth and poor dental health is not linked to which CVD Pellagra gluten sensitivity dysglycemia

Pellagra

Which botanical may soothe the stomach, enhance memory, increase circulation, but also increase bleeding risk in cancer patients? Hawthron Gingko biloba Black cohosh Ashwagandha

Gingko biloba

Which diagnosis is likely for a woman with the following? ``` Waist circumference above 35 inches HDL-C under 50 BP above 130/85 Fasting glucose above 100 TGs above 150 ```

Metabolic syndrome

In men, to diagnose metabolic syndrome, waist measurements and HDL-C are different than in women. How so? A. Waist circumference in men is 40 or above B. Waist circumference in men is 30 or above C. HDL-C in men is 40 or less D. HDL-C in men is 60 or less E. both A and C F. Both B and D

E. both A and C other markers are the same as women, BP 130/85 or greater, Fasting glucose 100 or above, TGs above 150

How many hours before competition should an athlete eat? 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8

3-4

Which is not associated with bulimia? Muscle wasting Diarrhea Edema Salivary gland enlargement

Muscle wasting (This is associated with anorexia)

Which stage is when the client is aware of the problem but ambivalent? Contemplation Precontemplation Preparation Maintenance

Contemplation

How does nitric oxide affect the GI system? Relaxes LES Regulates blood flow, maintains muscle tone and gastric motor activity Decreases motility and inhibits secretions Increases sensory awareness and peristalsis

Regulates blood flow, maintains muscle tone, and gastric motor activity

TPP, or thiamin pyrophosphate, is the active form of Thiamin and also known as: Thiamin Triphosphate Thiamin monophosphate Thiamin Diphosphate

Thiamin Diphosphate

Patients who undergo intestinal resections are at greater risk for oxalate related kidney stones. True or False

True

Supertasting is a genetic condition. True or False

True

Raw fruits are typically ok on a Level 3 dysphagia diet. True or False

False

Which is not at greater risk for Vitamin A toxicity? Smokers Those exposed to asbestos infants pregnant women

infants

To be labeled low-fat, the product must contain which? 3g of fat or less per serving 5g of fat or less per serving 10g of fat or less 15g or less

3g of fat or less per serving

Reheat poultry to 145 155 165 175

165

Resting Energy Expenditure + thermic effect of activity = Basic Metabolic Rate (BMR) Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) Energy requirements of growth (ERG)

TEE

Thirst is the best indicator for dehydration True or False

False. already dehydrated by the time thirsty

Which is a cholagogue? Dandelion Marshmallow root Lemon balm

Dandelion | cholagogue is a medicinal agent which promotes the discharge of bile from the system, purging it downward.

Maximum time breastmilk can be at room temp? 2 hours 4 6 8

6-8 per Brown text

Selenium RDA for both men and women, in mcg/day 40 55 65 75

Of the following, which is most likely a cause of hyperthyroidism? poor conversion of t3-t4 hypothalamic dysfunction increased thyroid-binding proteins tissue resistance to t3

increased thyroid-binding proteins

Which is NOT a neurotoxin or excitotoxin? carrageenan yeast extract smoke extract cochineal extract

cochineal extract

A deficiency of which is related to poor sperm quality and lower testosterone? Vitamin A K E D

Vitamin D

Supplementation with which might be beneficial in those with sickle cell anemia? Mg Co Zn Ca

Zn (it can increase the affinity for oxygen)

Some antacids contain which mineral that can disrupt absorption of certain nutrients (like B2 and folate) due to the increase in intestinal pH it causes? Potassium Mg Iron Sodium

Egg dishes should be cooked to which temperature? 140 150 160 170

150

Keshan's disease is associated with which deficiency? Magnesium Copper Selenium Calcium

Selenium

Supplementation with antioxidants is an important recommendation with cancer patients. True or False

FALSE ... they discourage antiox use during cancer therapies

Which deficiency does not exacerbate iodine deficiency? Vit A Selenium Iron Copper

Copper

Which of these is found in apples, seafood, cereals, rice, spinach, grape juice? Arsenic Selenium Nickel Zinc

Arsenic

Which pH range promotes uric acid stone formation? above 7 5. 6-7 5. 5 or below

5.5 or below

Clams and mussels should be cooked until which? 140 150 160 until shells open during cooking

until shells open during cooking

For kids, less than 5th percentile for weight is Overweight Underweight Obese Normal

Underweight

For kids, the 85-95th percentiles are Overweight Underweight Obese Normal

Overweight

For kids, 95th percentile or above is Overweight Underweight Obese Normal

Obese

Serotonin is released in the CNS Autonomic System GI tract and spinal cord sympathetic nerves

GI tract and spinal cord

What is marked by the 4 D's: dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, and sometimes death? Pellagra Wernicke's Ariboflavanosis Scurvy

Pellegra

Pyruvate produces which organic acid Acetate Lactate Oxalate Butyrate

Acetate (which joins with CoA to make acetyl-CoA for krebs)

Which is a response to injury? Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia

Hyper

During the first trimester, what happens to caloric needs for women? They increase They Decrease Stay the same

stay the same

Which is not a sign of Selenium toxicity? Skin rashes Brittle hair/nails garlic breath bleeding gums

bleeding gums

Are gallstones a typical complication of ulcerative colitis? Yes or No

Which mineral is found in almonds, pecans, lima beans, pinto beans, oats, brown rice, green leafy vegetables, pineapple, acai, and dark chocolate? Ca Fe Mg Mn

Accurate way to assess iron status in renal failure? Serum ferritin Transferrin saturation Both

Both

Which increases copper excretion in urine and can be used to treat Wilson's disease when Copper is in excess? Se Mo Zn Fe

Vitamin D requirement INCREASE during pregnancy. True or False

False

Which type of diarrhea is common with Crohn's? Secretory diarrhea Exudative diarrhea Bacterial diarrhea Limited mucosal contact diarrhea

Limited mucosal contact diarrhea due to limited mixing of chyme in intestinal epithelium

Which food contains flavoproteins, catalse, and livetin? Grains Eggs Meats

Eggs

Normal blood pH 7. 25-7.35 7. 35-7.45 7. 45-7.55 7. 55-7.65

7.35-7.45

Who is most at risk for osteomalacia? Post menopausal women Children Elderly Athletes

Children Osteomalacia is a disease characterized by the softening of the bones caused by impaired bone metabolism primarily due to inadequate levels of available phosphate, calcium, and vitamin D, or because of resorption of calcium

Colostrum's Vitamin A content is _____ that of mature milk. Less than The same as 2 times 3 times

2 times the concentration

Which calming herb is generally regarded as safe during pregnancy? Chamomile Lavender Hops Valerian

Lavender. the others are not appropriate during pregnancy

Protein requirement for 2nd and 3rd trimester pregnancy in g/kg/day? 0.8 0.9 1 1.10

1.10 g/kg/d

Protein requirement for 1st trimester pregnancy in g/kg/day? 0.8 0.9 1 1.10

0.8

Legumes create which for renal load? Alkalinity Acidity

Alkalinity

Starvation includes all but 1 of these metabolic responses, which does it not include? Increased glycogenolysis increased ketone body production Increased ureagenesis decreased gluconeogenesis

increased ureagenesis In starvation, ureagenesis is DECREASED Formation of urea, usually referring to the metabolism of amino acids to urea.

Preferred fuel source for COLONOCYTES? Glutamine Butyrate Arginine Fiber

Butyrate COLONOCYTES An epithelial cell of the colon.

Which should not be supplemented during end stage renal disease? (3 answers) ``` Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin A Vitamin K Vitamin E ```

A, E, and K

What would labs look like with a patient who has anemia of chronic disease? Ferritin - normal, low or high Serum iron - low or high TIBC - low or high

Ferritin = normal or high Serum iron = low TIBC = low

Which mineral has an inverse relationship to C-reactive protein levels? Ca Mg Zn Cu

Mg -- anti-inflammatory

Which food type is the most prevalent in the macrobiotic diet? Vegetables Seafood Whole grains Plant protein

Whole grains

You should pour oils directly into the pan from the container. True or false

False. The steam or heat from the pan could damage the oils in the container.

How long can you keep a turkey in the freezer? 3 months 6 9 12

12 months

Which test is not useful for PCOS investigation? Iron Leptin Testosterone Fasting Glucose

Iron

Hot-dogs and deli meat need to be cooked to an internal temp of what for those in at-risk populations? 145 155 165 175

165

Which is low FODMAP? Coconut Brazil nuts almonds cashews

Brazil nuts

Diuretic use can lead to Metabolic Acidosis Alkalosis

Alkalosis .. due to increasing urinary acid excretion

Which is likely associated with raw milk? E coli C jejuni C botulinum Norovirus

C jejuni

Allostasis does not occur through which of these? Somatic nervous system Cytokines HPA-axis hormones Autonomic nervous system

Somatic nervous system....it affects peripheral voluntary control of skeletal muscles Allostasis: the process by which the body responds to stressors in order to regain homeostasis.

All of these are intestinal gases except which? N2 H2 CH4 SO2

SO2

Which substance, when given IV, does not push potassium into cells? Insulin Glucose Bicarbonate Calcium

Calcium

Respiratory quotient for fat is 0. 7 0. 8 0. 9 1. 0

0.7

The hypothalamus produces which appetite stimulant and glucose regulator (it's a neurotransmitter)? CRF Ghrelin Dopamine Orexin (hypocretin)

Orexin (hypocretin) regulates arousal, wakefulness, glucose, and appetite

Concurrent ingestion of which reduces bioavailability of iron? Dietary amino acids Dietary sugars Manganese Vitamin C

Manganese

Taking a calcium supplement with a meal will affect urinary calcium, urinary citrate, and urinary oxalate how? Increase or decrease urinary Ca Increase or decrease Urinary citrate Increase or decrease Urinary oxalate

Increase Urinary Ca Increase urinary citrate Decrease oxalate

What is the protein requirement for renal failure when NOT undergoing dialysis? 0.25-.0.5 g/kg/d 0.5-0.8 g/kg/d 0.75-.0.95 g/kg/d 1-2 g/kg/d

0.5-0.8 g/kg/d Protein requirements are LESS for non-dialysis patients Prior to initiation of hemodialysis, restriction of dietary protein intake to 0.6 g protein/kg daily may delay the need for dialysis. Replacement of some protein with alpha- keto- analogues of essential amino acids may aid the preservation of body nitrogen stores when low total protein intakes are necessary. Individuals receiving hemodialysis should receive 1.1 to 1.3 g protein/kg daily. At least 50% of this protein should be of high biological value.

Hypophosphatemia can be caused by excess PTH True or False

True Hypophosphatemia is an electrolyte disorder in which there is a low level of phosphate in the blood. Symptoms may include weakness, trouble breathing, and loss of appetite. Complications may include seizures, coma, rhabdomyolysis, or softening of the bones

Which is a brush border enzymes? Lactase Protease HCL Amylase

Lactase brush border enzymes (such as sucrase, lactase and maltase)