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Geography > Paper one > Flashcards

Paper one Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Low Income Country (LIC)?

A

A country with a Gross National Income (GNI) per capita of $1045 or below.

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2
Q

What is a High Income Country (HIC)?

A

A country with a Gross National Income (GNI) per capita of $12746 or above.

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3
Q

What are Newly Emerging Economies (NEEs)?

A

Countries that have begun to experience higher rates of economic development, usually with higher levels of industrialisation, such as Brazil, Russia, China, and South Africa.

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4
Q

What is a Conservative plate margin?

A

A tectonic plate margin where two tectonic plates slide past each other.

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5
Q

What is a Constructive plate margin?

A

A tectonic plate margin where rising magma adds new material to plates that are diverging or moving apart.

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6
Q

What is a Destructive plate margin?

A

A tectonic plate margin where two plates are converging, causing oceanic plate subduction, often associated with violent earthquakes and explosive volcanoes.

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7
Q

What is monitoring in the context of natural hazards?

A

Recording physical changes, such as earthquake tremors around a volcano, to help forecast when and where a natural hazard might strike.

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8
Q

What is planning in relation to natural disasters?

A

Actions taken to enable communities to respond to and recover from natural disasters, such as emergency evacuation plans and warning systems.

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9
Q

What is prediction regarding natural hazards?

A

Attempts to forecast when and where a natural hazard will strike, based on current knowledge.

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10
Q

What are primary effects of a natural event?

A

The initial impact of a natural event on people and property, caused directly by it.

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11
Q

What are secondary effects of a natural event?

A

The after-effects that occur as indirect impacts of a natural event, sometimes on a longer timescale.

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12
Q

What is a tectonic plate?

A

A rigid segment of the Earth’s crust which can ‘float’ across the heavier, semi-molten rock below.

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13
Q

What is a volcano?

A

An opening in the Earth’s crust from which lava, ash, and gases erupt.

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14
Q

What is the economic impact of an event?

A

The effect of an event on the wealth of an area or community.

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15
Q

What is the environmental impact of an event?

A

The effect of an event on the landscape and ecology of the surrounding area.

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16
Q

What is global atmospheric circulation?

A

The worldwide system of winds that transports heat from tropical to polar latitudes.

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17
Q

What are management strategies in the context of natural hazards?

A

Techniques of controlling, responding to, or dealing with an event.

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18
Q

What is adaptation in relation to climate change?

A

Actions taken to adjust to natural events such as climate change, to reduce potential damage or cope with the consequences.

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19
Q

What is mitigation in relation to natural hazards?

A

Action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property from natural hazards.

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20
Q

What are orbital changes?

A

Changes in the pathway of the Earth around the Sun.

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21
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The variety of life in the world or a particular habitat.

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22
Q

What is commercial farming?

A

Farming to sell produce for a profit to retailers or food processing companies.

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23
Q

What is ecotourism?

A

Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the wellbeing of local people.

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24
Q

What is selective logging?

A

The cutting out of mature or inferior trees to encourage the growth of the remaining trees.

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25
Q

What is soil erosion?

A

Removal of topsoil faster than it can be replaced, due to natural and human activity.

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26
Q

What is subsistence farming?

A

A type of agriculture producing food and materials for the benefit only of the farmer and his family.

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27
Q

What is desertification?

A

The process by which land becomes drier and degraded due to climate change or human activities.

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28
Q

What is a hot desert?

A

Parts of the world that have high average temperatures and very low precipitation.

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29
Q

What is a dam and reservoir?

A

A barrier built across a valley to interrupt river flow and create a man-made lake.

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30
Q

What is abrasion in river landscapes?

A

Rocks carried along by the river wear down the river bed and banks.

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31
Q

What is attrition in river landscapes?

A

Rocks being carried by the river smash together and break into smaller, smoother, and rounder particles.

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32
Q

What is the cross profile of a river?

A

The side to side cross-section of a river channel and/or valley.

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33
Q

What is attrition in river landscapes?

A

Rocks being carried by the river smash together and break into smaller, smoother and rounder particles.

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34
Q

What is a cross profile?

A

The side to side cross-section of a river channel and/or valley.

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35
Q

What is a dam and reservoir?

A

A barrier built across a valley to interrupt river flow and create a man-made lake (reservoir) which stores water and controls the discharge of the river.

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36
Q

What is discharge in the context of rivers?

A

The quantity of water that passes a given point on a stream or river-bank within a given period of time.

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37
Q

What are embankments?

A

Raised banks constructed along the river to make it deeper and hold more water.

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38
Q

What is an estuary?

A

The tidal mouth of a river where it meets the sea; wide banks of deposited mud are exposed at low tide.

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39
Q

What is a flood plain?

A

The relatively flat area forming the valley floor on either side of a river channel, which is sometimes flooded.

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40
Q

What is flood plain zoning?

A

Attempts to organise flood defences so that land near the river that often floods is not built on.

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41
Q

What are flood relief channels?

A

New artificial channels used when a river is close to maximum discharge to reduce flood risk.

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42
Q

What is a flood warning?

A

Providing reliable advance information about possible flooding.

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43
Q

What are fluvial processes?

A

Processes relating to erosion, transport and deposition by a river.

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44
Q

What is a gorge?

A

A narrow, steep sided valley, often formed as a waterfall retreats upstream.

45
Q

What is hard engineering?

A

Involves the building of entirely artificial structures to reduce or stop the impact of river processes.

46
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

The force of the river against the banks can cause air to be trapped in cracks and crevices.

47
Q

What is a hydrograph?

A

A graph which shows the discharge of a river, related to rainfall, over a period of time.

48
Q

What are interlocking spurs?

A

A series of ridges projecting out on alternate sides of a valley around which a river winds its course.

49
Q

What is lateral erosion?

A

Sideways erosion by a river on the outside of a meander channel.

50
Q

What are levees?

A

Embarkments of sediment along the bank of a river, formed naturally or built by people.

51
Q

What is a long profile?

A

The gradient of a river, from its source to its mouth.

52
Q

What is a meander?

A

A pronounced bend in a river.

53
Q

What is an ox-bow lake?

A

An arc-shaped lake which has been cut off from a meandering river.

54
Q

What is precipitation?

A

Moisture falling from the atmosphere - as rain, hail, sleet or snow.

55
Q

What is saltation?

A

Particles bouncing down the river bed.

56
Q

What is soft engineering?

A

Involves the use of the natural environment surrounding a river, using schemes that work with the river’s natural processes.

57
Q

What is solution in river processes?

A

Soluble particles are dissolved into the river.

58
Q

What is channel straightening?

A

Removing meanders from a river to make it straighter.

59
Q

What is suspension in river processes?

A

Fine solid material held in the water while the water is moving.

60
Q

What is traction?

A

The rolling of boulders and pebbles along the river bed.

61
Q

What is vertical erosion?

A

Downward erosion of a river bed.

62
Q

What is a brownfield site?

A

Land that has been used, abandoned and now awaits some new use.

63
Q

What is dereliction?

A

Abandoned buildings and wasteland.

64
Q

What are economic opportunities?

A

Chances for people to improve their standard of living through employment.

65
Q

What is a greenfield site?

A

A plot of land that has not yet been subject to any building development.

66
Q

What are inequalities?

A

Differences between poverty and wealth, as well as in people’s wellbeing and access to services.

67
Q

What are integrated transport systems?

A

When different transport methods connect together, making journeys smoother.

68
Q

What are mega-cities?

A

An urban area with a total population in excess of ten million people.

69
Q

What is migration?

A

When people move from one area to another.

70
Q

What is natural increase?

A

The birth rate minus the death rate of a population.

71
Q

What is pollution?

A

The presence of harmful chemicals, noise, dirt or other substances in an environment.

72
Q

What is a rural-urban fringe?

A

A zone of transition between the built-up area and the countryside.

73
Q

What is sanitation?

A

Measures designed to protect public health, including the provision of clean water.

74
Q

What is social deprivation?

A

The degree to which an individual or an area is deprived of services and decent housing.

75
Q

What are social opportunities?

A

Chances for people to improve their quality of life.

76
Q

What is a squatter settlement?

A

An area of poor-quality housing lacking in amenities, often developing illegally.

77
Q

What is sustainable urban living?

A

A sustainable city with minimal environmental damage and fair resource allocation.

78
Q

What is traffic congestion?

A

Occurs when there is too great a volume of traffic for roads to cope with.

79
Q

What is urban greening?

A

The process of increasing and preserving open space in urban areas.

80
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

The process by which an increasing percentage of a population comes to live in towns and cities.

81
Q

What is urban regeneration?

A

The revival of old parts of the built-up area by installing modern facilities or redevelopment.

82
Q

What is urban sprawl?

A

The unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside.

83
Q

What is waste recycling?

A

The process of extracting and reusing useful substances found in waste.

84
Q

What is the birth rate?

A

The number of births in a year per 1000 of the total population.

85
Q

What is the Commonwealth?

A

A voluntary association of 53 independent states, mostly former territories of the British Empire.

86
Q

What is the death rate?

A

The number of deaths in a year per 1000 of the total population.

87
Q

What is de-industrialisation?

A

The decline of a country’s traditional manufacturing industry.

88
Q

What is the Demographic Transition Model?

A

A model showing how populations change over time in terms of birth rates and death rates.

89
Q

What is development?

A

The progress of a country in terms of economic growth and human welfare.

90
Q

What is the development gap?

A

The difference in standards of living between the world’s richest and poorest countries.

91
Q

What is the European Union?

A

An international organisation of 28 European countries formed to reduce trade barriers.

92
Q

What is Fairtrade?

A

When producers in LICs are given a better price for their goods.

93
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The process which has created a more connected world with increased trade and migration.

94
Q

What is gross national income (GNI)?

A

A measurement of economic activity calculated by dividing the gross national income by the population.

95
Q

What is the Human Development Index (HDI)?

A

A method of measuring development using GDP per capita, life expectancy, and adult literacy.

96
Q

What is industrial structure?

A

The relative proportion of the workforce employed in different sectors of the economy.

97
Q

What is infant mortality?

A

The average number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age, per 1000 live births.

98
Q

What are information technologies?

A

Technologies that speed up communication and the flow of information.

99
Q

What is intermediate technology?

A

Simple technology used in a range of economic activities serving local needs in LICs.

100
Q

What is international aid?

A

Money, goods, and services given by one country to help another’s quality of life.

101
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

The average number of years a person might be expected to live.

102
Q

What is the literacy rate?

A

The percentage of people who have basic reading and writing skills.

103
Q

What are microfinance loans?

A

Very small loans given to people in LICs to help them start a small business.

104
Q

What is the North-south divide (UK)?

A

Economic and cultural differences between Southern and Northern England.

105
Q

What is a post-industrial economy?

A

An economy where most employment is now in service industries.

106
Q

What are science and business parks?

A

Purpose-built areas for offices and warehouses, often near universities.

107
Q

What are service industries?

A

Economic activities that provide various services.

108
Q

What is trade?

A

The buying and selling of goods and services between countries.

109
Q

What is a transnational corporation (TNC)?

A

A company that has operations in more than one country.

Geography (2 decks)

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