Paper one Flashcards
Haiti earthquake - estimated deaths
316,000 people estimated to have died
Haiti earthquake - buildings collapsed
300,000 buildings collapsed
Haiti earthquake - jobs lost and main industry affected
20% of jobs lost (clothing industry destroyed)
Haiti earthquake - magnitude
Magnitude 7.0 on the Richter scale
Haiti earthquake- damage cost
$8 billion
Haiti earthquake - survivor response
Survivors evacuated to emergency shelters (camps)
International aid sent
Haiti earthquake - rubble clearance
98% of rubble still not cleared 6 months after earthquake
Haiti earthquake - people in emergency shelters
1,000,000 still in emergency shelters 1 year on
New Zealand earthquake - estimated deaths
185 people killed
New Zealand earthquake - damage costs
$40 billion
New Zealand earthquake - buildings damaged
100,000 buildings damaged
New Zealand earthquake - school closures
Schools closed for just 2 weeks
New Zealand earthquake - injuries
2,000 people injured
New Zealand earthquake - magnitude
Magnitude 6.3 on the Richter scale
New Zealand earthquake - police response
300 police officers sent from Australia
New Zealand earthquake - restoration time
Only 1 month to restore water and sewerage
New Zealand earthquake - emergency response
New Zealand Emergency Response Team on scene within 1 hour
New Zealand earthquake - housing response
10,000 affordable houses built
New Zealand earthquake - building foundations
Government buildings built on rubber foundations
Typhoon Haiyan - most affected area
The Philippines most affected, low-lying coastal areas most hit
Typhoon Haiyan - estimated deaths
6,500 people killed
Typhoon Haiyan - buildings destroyed in Tacloban
80% of buildings in Tacloban city destroyed
Typhoon Haiyan - wind speed
195km/h winds – Category 5 on Sapphire-Simpson scale
Typhoon Haiyan - health issues and causes
5,000 cases of dysentery, caused by overflowing latrine toilets
Typhoon Haiyan - cost of damage
$13 billion
Typhoon Haiyan - evacuation success
800,000 people successfully evacuated
Typhoon Haiyan - highway response
Pan-Philippine highway reversed to allow more to evacuate
Typhoon Haiyan - flooding issues
Storm surge flooded buildings
Typhoon Haiyan - aid response
Uk sent aid
Solomon Islands rainforest - GNI
$1000 per capita GNI
Solomon Islands rainforest - rosewood value
A single rosewood tree can be worth $15,000
Solomon Islands rainforest - deforestation
50% of the tropical rainforest has been cut down
Solomon Islands rainforest - logging GNI
50% of Solomon Island’s GNI comes from commercial logging
Solomon Islands rainforest - locals payment
Only 2% of money from commercial logging goes to local people
Isabel Sustainable Forestry - tree cutting
Only 1 tree per hectare per decade
Isabel Sustainable Forestry - revenue sharing
50% of the revenue goes to local people
Isabel Sustainable Forestry - eco tourism
tourists from HIC’s spend money to stay in eco-friendly resorts in the rainforest as an experience
Isabel Sustainable Forestry - certification
Logs are certified Fairtrade and FSC
Isabel Sustainable Forestry - local employment
Locals are employed to mill the logs
Isabel Sustainable Forestry - cutting method
Trees cut down by individually by chainsaw so impact on the forest is limited
Mojave desert - mineral discovery
Gold and silver have been found in the Mojave desert
Mojave desert - tourism revenue in Las Vegas
Tourism generates $1 billion a year
Mojave desert - solar energy project
200,000 houses can be powered by the solar energy project
Mojave desert- challenges
water supply, isolation, overheating, damage to wildlife
Mojave desert - agriculture
Alfalfa is grown for animal feed
Mojave desert - water source
Water comes from lake mead and underground sources
The Sahel - region location and extent
Sahel region extends the width of africa on the southern fringe of the Sahara desert
The Sahel - desertification cause
Desertification is caused by unsustainable human agricultural practices and overall climate change
The Sahel - water conservation
Magic stones trap water and increase soil fertility
The Sahel - tree planting
Acacia gum trees planted in Great Green Wall
River Fowey - source
Source of River Fowey is Bodmin Moor
River Fowey - upper course geology
The upper course geology = granite Landforms = interlocking spurs
River Fowey - middle course geology
Geology changes to slate in middle course = less resistant
Boscastle - flood management scheme
Scheme completed in 2008 in response to flood in 2004
Boscastle - scheme cost
Cost £4.5 million to improve flood management
Boscastle - channel improvement
Channel made deeper and wider so capacity is increased
Runoff channels built to prevent river flooding
Boscastle - car park elevation
Car park raised 5m, reduced risk of damage to cars
Boscastle - tree planting
Trees planted locally, more interception = longer lag time
St Austell Bay - tourism value
Value: Charlestown, Carlyon Bay, tourism, Par dunes wildlife
St Austell Bay - tourism revenue
£2 billion per year from tourism
St Austell Bay - coastal management
Charlestown sea wall, Par dune management, Carlyon Bay beach nourishment
What is a Conservative plate margin?
How do earthquakes form there?
A tectonic plate margin where two tectonic plates slide past each other
Forms earthquakes when plates interlock, fiction builds up, then energy is released as seismic waves
What is a Constructive plate margin?
A tectonic plate margin is where plates move apart, then rising magma cools to form shield volcanoes
earthquakes are a result of the plate movements
What is a Destructive plate margin?
A tectonic plate margin is where a denser oceanic plate subducts under a continental plate. The pressure causes the plate to melt into magma, which rises to form volcanoes.
Plates interlocking then releasing energy causes earthquakes
What is planning in relation to natural disasters?
Actions taken to enable communities to respond to and recover from natural disasters, such as emergency evacuation plans and warning systems.
What is prediction regarding natural hazards?
Attempts to forecast when and where a natural hazard will strike, based on seismometer readings, monitoring volcanoes activity and past data trends
What are primary effects of a natural event?
The initial impact of a natural event on people and property, caused directly by it.
What are secondary effects of a natural event?
The after-effects that occur as indirect impacts of a natural event, sometimes on a longer timescale.
What is the economic impact of an event?
The effect of an event on the wealth of an area or community.
What is the environmental impact of an event?
The effect of an event on the landscape and ecology of the surrounding area.
What is the social impact of an event?
The effect of an event on the people and their livelihoods in an affected area
What is global atmospheric circulation?
The worldwide system of winds that transports heat from tropical to polar latitudes.
What is mitigation in relation to natural hazards?
Action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property from natural hazards.
What are orbital changes?
Changes in the pathway of the Earth around the Sun. Over many years, the earth can move closer or further from the sun in its orbit, affecting the temperatures on earth
What is commercial farming?
Farming to sell produce for a profit to retailers or food processing companies.
What is ecotourism?
Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the wellbeing of local people.
What is soil erosion?
Removal of topsoil faster than it can be replaced, due to natural and human activity.
What is subsistence farming?
A type of agriculture producing food and materials for the benefit only of the farmer and his family.
What is desertification?
The process by which land becomes drier and degraded due to climate change or human activities.
What is a hot desert?
Parts of the world that have high average temperatures (45*c) and very low precipitation (less than 230 mm anually)
What is a dam and reservoir?
A barrier built across a valley to interrupt river flow and create a man-made lake which can store water, used for recreational purposes or create hydroelectricity.
What is abrasion in river landscapes?
Rocks carried along by the river wear down the river bed and banks.
What is attrition in river landscapes?
Rocks being carried by the river smash together and break into smaller, smoother, and rounder particles.
What is the cross profile of a river?
The side to side cross-section of a river channel or valley.
What is discharge in the context of rivers?
The quantity of water that passes a given point on a stream or river-bank within a given period of time.
What are embankments?
Raised banks constructed along the river to make it deeper and hold more water.
What is an estuary?
The tidal mouth of a river where it meets the sea; wide banks of deposited mud are exposed at low tide.
What is a flood plain?
The relatively flat area forming the valley floor on either side of a river channel, which is sometimes flooded.
What is flood plain zoning?
Attempts to organise flood defences so that land near the river that often floods is not built on.
What are flood relief channels?
New artificial channels used when a river is close to maximum discharge to reduce flood risk.
What is a gorge?
A narrow, steep sided valley, often formed as a waterfall retreats upstream.
What is hard engineering?
Involves the building of entirely artificial structures to reduce or stop the impact of river processes.
What is hydraulic action?
The force of the river against the banks can cause air to be trapped in cracks and crevices.
What is a hydrograph?
A graph which shows the discharge of a river, related to rainfall, over a period of time.
What are interlocking spurs?
A series of ridges projecting out on alternate sides of a valley around which a river winds its course.
What is lateral erosion?
Sideways erosion by a river on the outside of a meander channel.
What are levees?
Embarkments of sediment along the bank of a river, formed naturally or built by people.
What is a long profile?
The gradient of a river, from its source to its mouth.
What is saltation?
Particles bouncing down the river bed.
What is soft engineering?
Involves the use of the natural environment surrounding a river, using schemes that work with the river’s natural processes.
What is solution in river processes?
Soluble particles are dissolved into the river.
What is channel straightening?
Removing meanders from a river to make it straighter.
What is suspension in river processes?
Fine solid material held in the water while the water is moving.
What is traction?
The rolling of boulders and pebbles along the river bed.
What is vertical erosion?
Downward erosion of a river bed.
How do meanders and oxbow lakes form
Thalweg is where Water flows fastest on the outside bend of a river
Erosion (Outside Bend) due to Hydraulic action and abrasion eroding the outer bank, forming a river cliff.
Deposition (Inside Bend): The slowest flow is on the inside bend, leading to deposition and forming a slip-off slope
Meander Growth: Over time, erosion on the outside and deposition on the inside make the bend more pronounced.
An oxbow lake forms when the river channel cuts off the meander as water takes the path of least resistance
Overtime, deposition cuts of the meander bend entirely, leaving an oxbow lake
How does a tropical storm form
-Warm air rises when an ocean’s temperature is 26.5*c
-This quickly forms an area of low pressure
-Low sheer winds converge, forcing air to rise and storm clouds to form
-The rising air draws more moist air up from above the ocean, leading to strong winds
-These clouds form the eye wall of the storm
-In the centre, cold air sinks, forming the storm eye
-The storm grows with energy from the sea
-it hits land, the power decreases
How is the distribution of weather hazards influenced
atmospheric circulation (high and low pressure)
ocean currents (transport heat)
landforms (affect wind direction)
Features of an earthquake
Global atmospheric circulation model
Lake mead
Types of waves
Weathering, mass movement and erosion
erosional features
Depositional features (SPITS AND BARS)
longshore drift
