Paper one Flashcards
1
Q
Haiti earthquake - estimated deaths
A
316,000 people estimated to have died
2
Q
Structural features of an earthquake (2)
A
Focus- the underground where the earthquake starts
Epicenter- the point directly above the focus where the earthquake’s effects are strongest
3
Q
Structural features of a volcanoe (3)
A
Magma chamber- underground pool of magma where pressure builds up
Main vent- main channel that the magma travels through before reaching the surface
Crater- the opening at the top of the volcano
4
Q
How does high and low pressure areas have different climates
A
High pressure- air sinks and warms up, clouds don’t form easily (hot
deserts)
Low pressure- air rises, cools, condenses and forms clouds, bringing heavy rain (tropical rainforest)
5
Q
Describe the location of tropical rainforests and deserts with regard to their location in the tropics
A
Tropical rainforests- found between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn near the equator
Deserts- just outside of the tropics
6
Q
Describe the global atmospheric circulation model
A
Hadley cells (0-30* latitude) - air is warmed at the equator and rises to create areas of low pressure, cooling as it moves.
At 30*, the air sinks to create an area of high pressure
Ferrel cell (30-60 ) - air moves from 30 to 60, which mixes with both tropical and polar air, creating unsettled weather patterns
Polar cell (60-90 ) - cold air sinks, creating areas of high pressure; the air moves towards 60, where it warms and rises
7
Q
Haiti earthquake - buildings collapsed
A
300,000 buildings collapsed
8
Q
Haiti earthquake - jobs lost and main industry affected
A
20% of jobs lost (clothing industry destroyed)
9
Q
Haiti earthquake - magnitude
A
Magnitude 7.0 on the Richter scale
10
Q
Haiti earthquake- damage cost
A
$8 billion
11
Q
Haiti earthquake - survivor response
A
Survivors evacuated to emergency shelters (camps)
International aid sent
12
Q
Haiti earthquake - rubble clearance
A
98% of rubble still not cleared 6 months after earthquake
13
Q
Haiti earthquake - people in emergency shelters
A
1,000,000 still in emergency shelters 1 year on
14
Q
New Zealand earthquake - estimated deaths
A
185 people killed
15
Q
New Zealand earthquake - damage costs
A
$40 billion
16
Q
New Zealand earthquake - buildings damaged
A
100,000 buildings damaged
17
Q
New Zealand earthquake - school closures
A
Schools closed for just 2 weeks
18
Q
New Zealand earthquake - injuries
A
2,000 people injured
19
Q
New Zealand earthquake - magnitude
A
Magnitude 6.3 on the Richter scale
20
Q
New Zealand earthquake - police response
A
300 police officers sent from Australia
21
Q
New Zealand earthquake - restoration time
A
Only 1 month to restore water and sewerage
22
Q
New Zealand earthquake - emergency response
A
New Zealand Emergency Response Team on scene within 1 hour
23
Q
New Zealand earthquake - housing response
A
10,000 affordable houses built
24
Q
New Zealand earthquake - building foundations
A
Government buildings built on rubber foundations
25
Typhoon Haiyan - most affected area
The Philippines most affected, low-lying coastal areas most hit
26
Typhoon Haiyan - estimated deaths
6,500 people killed
27
Typhoon Haiyan - buildings destroyed in Tacloban
80% of buildings in Tacloban city destroyed
28
Typhoon Haiyan - wind speed
195km/h winds – Category 5 on Sapphire-Simpson scale
29
Typhoon Haiyan - health issues and causes
5,000 cases of dysentery, caused by overflowing latrine toilets
30
Typhoon Haiyan - cost of damage
$13 billion
31
Typhoon Haiyan - evacuation success
800,000 people successfully evacuated
32
Typhoon Haiyan - highway response
Pan-Philippine highway reversed to allow more to evacuate
33
Typhoon Haiyan - flooding issues
Storm surge flooded buildings
34
Typhoon Haiyan - aid response
Uk sent aid
Pit latrine toilets
300 officers from new Zealand
35
Solomon Islands rainforest - GNI
$1000 per capita GNI
36
Solomon Islands rainforest - rosewood value
A single rosewood tree can be worth $15,000
37
Solomon Islands rainforest - deforestation
50% of the tropical rainforest has been cut down
38
Solomon Islands rainforest - logging GNI
50% of Solomon Island’s GNI comes from commercial logging
39
Solomon Islands rainforest - locals payment
Only 2% of money from commercial logging goes to local people
40
Isabel Sustainable Forestry - tree cutting
Only 1 tree per hectare per decade
41
Isabel Sustainable Forestry - revenue sharing
50% of the revenue goes to local people
42
Isabel Sustainable Forestry - eco tourism
tourists from HIC's spend money to stay in eco-friendly resorts in the rainforest as an experience
43
Isabel Sustainable Forestry - certification
Logs are certified Fairtrade and FSC
44
Isabel Sustainable Forestry - local employment
Locals are employed to mill the logs
45
Isabel Sustainable Forestry - cutting method
Trees cut down by individually by chainsaw so impact on the forest is limited
46
Mojave desert - mineral discovery
Gold and silver have been found in the Mojave desert
47
Mojave desert - tourism revenue in Las Vegas
Tourism generates $1 billion a year
48
Mojave desert - solar energy project
200,000 houses can be powered by the solar energy project
49
Mojave desert- challenges (4)
water supply, isolation, overheating, damage to wildlife
50
Lake Mead challenges (3)
supplies water for 25 million people in Las Vegas
Water levels have dropped 50m in 25 years because of climate change
34% capacity
51
Mojave desert - agriculture
Alfalfa is grown for animal feed
52
Mojave desert - water source
Water comes from lake mead and underground sources
53
The Sahel - region location and extent
Sahel region extends the width of africa on the southern fringe of the Sahara desert
54
The Sahel - desertification cause
Desertification is caused by unsustainable human agricultural practices and overall climate change
55
The Sahel - water conservation
Magic stones trap water and increase soil fertility
56
The Sahel - tree planting
Acacia gum trees planted in Great Green Wall
57
River Fowey - source
Source of River Fowey is Bodmin Moor
58
River Fowey - upper course geology
The upper course geology = granite Landforms = interlocking spurs
59
River Fowey - middle course geology
Geology changes to slate in middle course = less resistant
60
Boscastle - flood management scheme
Scheme completed in 2008 in response to flood in 2004
61
Boscastle - scheme cost
Cost £4.5 million to improve flood management
62
Boscastle - channel improvement
Channel made deeper and wider so capacity is increased
Runoff channels built to prevent river flooding
63
Boscastle - car park elevation
Car park raised 5m, reduced risk of damage to cars
64
Boscastle - tree planting
Trees planted locally, more interception = longer lag time
65
St Austell Bay - tourism value
Value: Charlestown, Carlyon Bay, tourism, Par dunes wildlife
66
St Austell Bay - tourism revenue
£2 billion per year from tourism
67
St Austell Bay - coastal management
Charlestown sea wall, Par dune management, Carlyon Bay beach nourishment
68
What is a Conservative plate margin?
How do earthquakes form there?
A tectonic plate margin where two tectonic plates slide past each other
Forms earthquakes when plates interlock, fiction builds up, then energy is released as seismic waves
69
What is a Constructive plate margin?
A tectonic plate margin is where plates move apart, then rising magma cools to form shield volcanoes
earthquakes are a result of the plate movements
70
What is a Destructive plate margin?
A tectonic plate margin is where a denser oceanic plate subducts under a continental plate. The pressure causes the plate to melt into magma, which rises to form volcanoes.
Plates interlocking then releasing energy causes earthquakes
71
What is planning in relation to natural disasters?
Actions taken to enable communities to respond to and recover from natural disasters, such as emergency evacuation plans and warning systems.
72
What is prediction regarding natural hazards?
Attempts to forecast when and where a natural hazard will strike, based on seismometer readings, monitoring volcanoes activity and past data trends
73
What are primary effects of a natural event?
The initial impact of a natural event on people and property, caused directly by it.
74
What are secondary effects of a natural event?
The after-effects that occur as indirect impacts of a natural event, sometimes on a longer timescale.
75
What is the economic impact of an event?
The effect of an event on the wealth of an area or community.
76
What is the environmental impact of an event?
The effect of an event on the landscape and ecology of the surrounding area.
77
What is the social impact of an event?
The effect of an event on the people and their livelihoods in an affected area
78
What is mitigation in relation to natural hazards?
Action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property from natural hazards.
79
What are orbital changes?
Changes in the pathway of the Earth around the Sun. Over many years, the earth can move closer or further from the sun in its orbit, affecting the temperatures on earth
80
What is commercial farming?
Farming to sell produce for a profit to retailers or food processing companies.
81
What is ecotourism?
Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the wellbeing of local people.
82
What is soil erosion?
Removal of topsoil faster than it can be replaced, due to natural and human activity.
83
What is subsistence farming?
A type of agriculture producing food and materials for the benefit only of the farmer and his family.
84
What is desertification?
The process by which land becomes drier and degraded due to climate change or human activities.
85
What is a hot desert?
Parts of the world that have high average temperatures (45*c) and very low precipitation (less than 230 mm anually)
86
What is a dam and reservoir?
A barrier built across a valley to interrupt river flow and create a man-made lake which can store water, used for recreational purposes or create hydroelectricity.
87
What is abrasion in river landscapes?
Rocks carried along by the river wear down the river bed and banks.
88
What is attrition in river landscapes?
Rocks being carried by the river smash together and break into smaller, smoother, and rounder particles.
89
What is the cross profile of a river?
The side to side cross-section of a river channel or valley.
90
What is discharge in the context of rivers?
The quantity of water that passes a given point on a stream or river-bank within a given period of time.
91
What are embankments?
Raised banks constructed along the river to make it deeper and hold more water.
92
What is an estuary?
The tidal mouth of a river where it meets the sea; wide banks of deposited mud are exposed at low tide.
93
What is a flood plain?
The relatively flat area forming the valley floor on either side of a river channel, which is sometimes flooded.
94
What is flood plain zoning?
Attempts to organise flood defences so that land near the river that often floods is not built on.
95
What are flood relief channels?
New artificial channels used when a river is close to maximum discharge to reduce flood risk.
96
What is a gorge?
A narrow, steep sided valley, often formed as a waterfall retreats upstream.
97
What is hard engineering?
Involves the building of entirely artificial structures to reduce or stop the impact of river processes.
98
What is hydraulic action?
The force of the river against the banks can cause air to be trapped in cracks and crevices.
99
What is a hydrograph?
A graph which shows the discharge of a river, related to rainfall, over a period of time.
100
What are interlocking spurs?
A series of ridges projecting out on alternate sides of a valley around which a river winds its course.
101
What is lateral erosion?
Sideways erosion by a river on the outside of a meander channel.
102
What are levees?
Embarkments of sediment along the bank of a river, formed naturally or built by people.
103
What is a long profile?
The gradient of a river, from its source to its mouth.
104
What is saltation?
Particles bouncing down the river bed.
105
What is soft engineering?
Involves the use of the natural environment surrounding a river, using schemes that work with the river's natural processes.
106
What is solution in river processes?
Soluble particles are dissolved into the river.
107
What is channel straightening?
Removing meanders from a river to make it straighter.
108
What is suspension in river processes?
Fine solid material held in the water while the water is moving.
109
What is traction?
The rolling of boulders and pebbles along the river bed.
110
What is vertical erosion?
Downward erosion of a river bed.
111
How do meanders and oxbow lakes form
Thalweg is where Water flows fastest on the outside bend of a river
Erosion (Outside Bend) due to Hydraulic action and abrasion eroding the outer bank, forming a river cliff.
Deposition (Inside Bend): The slowest flow is on the inside bend, leading to deposition and forming a slip-off slope
Meander Growth: Over time, erosion on the outside and deposition on the inside make the bend more pronounced.
An oxbow lake forms when the river channel cuts off the meander as water takes the path of least resistance
Overtime, deposition cuts of the meander bend entirely, leaving an oxbow lake
112
How does a tropical storm form
-Warm air rises when an ocean's temperature is 26.5*c
-This quickly forms an area of low pressure
-Low sheer winds converge, forcing air to rise and storm clouds to form
-The rising air draws more moist air up from above the ocean, leading to strong winds
-These clouds form the eye wall of the storm
-In the centre, cold air sinks, forming the storm eye
-The storm grows with energy from the sea
-it hits land, the power decreases
113
How is the distribution of weather hazards influenced
atmospheric circulation (high and low pressure)
ocean currents (transport heat)
landforms (affect wind direction)
114
Types of waves
Constructive- strong swash, weak backwash, low frequency and wave height, deposits sediment, formed by low winds
Destructive- weak swash, strong backwash, tall waves with a high frequency, erodes the beach, formed by heavy wunds
115
Weathering processes on coasts
Mechanical- freeze-thaw action
Chemical- carbonation (acid rain)
Biological- plant and animal interference
116
Mass movement processes
Slumping- soft sediment being eroded and falling down a curved cliff face
Rockfall- rocks being eroded and collapsing
Landslides- a large section of soil or rock falling on a flat cliff face
Mudflows- soil being liquified and flowing down slopes
117
erosional features
Cave, arch, stack, stump
Wave-cut notch, wave-cut platform
118
Depositional features (spits and bars)
Spits- sediment builds up at the end of a stretch of land, creating an outcrop into the sea, can be hooked depending on wind direction
Bar- connects two bays or headlands, creating a lagoon
119
longshore drift
Sediment moves along a beach as the wind angles the direction of the waves swash, then the backwash is straight back
120
What are estuaries
areas where a saltwater ocean meets a freshwater river
They are tidal areas, being affected by tidal actions
121
How are levees formed
When a river bursts its bank, the water loses energy, causing sediment to settle on the riverbank and create a raised embankment
