Paper two Flashcards
What is a brownfield site?
Land that has been used then abandoned, left in a state of disrepair
Positives and negatives of Brownfield sites
Positives- easier planning, pre-existing infrastructure (water pipes), develops urban areas
Disadvantages- high cost land, often unsafe
What is a greenfield site?
A plot of land that has not yet been subject to any building development.
Positives and negatives of Greenfield sites
Positives- cheaper land, low road congestion, quieter
Negatives- damages the environment, no infrastructure, upsets local people
What are mega-cities?
An urban area with a total population in excess of ten million people.
What is natural increase?
The birth rate minus the death rate of a population.
What is a rural-urban fringe?
A zone of transition between the built-up area and the countryside.
What is sustainable urban living?
A sustainable city with minimal environmental damage and fair resource allocation.
What is urban greening?
The process of increasing and preserving open space in urban areas.
What is urbanisation?
The process by which an increasing percentage of a population comes to live in towns and cities.
What is urban regeneration?
The revival of old parts of the built-up area by installing modern facilities or redevelopment.
What is urban sprawl?
The unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside.
What is the birth rate?
The number of births in a year per 1000 of the total population.
What is the Commonwealth?
An association of 53 independent states founded in 1949
mostly former territories of the British Empire.
What are the Commonwealth Games
every 4 years, commonwealth countries compete in sporting events
raises money for host country
UK international importance:
trade-
transport-
communication-
culture-
sport-
politics-
trade- global imports and exports
transport- heathrow airport, eurostar
communication- fibre cables to USA + Tokyo
culture- history, royal family, tourism
sport- premiere league, olympics
politics- G7, Nato, Commonwealth
What is the death rate?
The number of deaths in a year per 1000 of the total population.
What is de-industrialisation?
The decline of a country’s traditional manufacturing industry.
What is the Demographic Transition Model?
A model showing how populations change over time in terms of birth rates and death rates.
What is the development gap?
The difference in standards of living between the world’s richest and poorest countries.
What is the European Union?
An international organisation of 28 European countries formed to reduce trade barriers.
What is Fairtrade?
When producers in LICs are given a better price for their goods.
What is globalisation?
The process which has created a more connected world with increased trade and migration.
What is gross national income ?
A measurement of economic activity calculated by adding GDP with income from overseas
What is gross domestic product
The total value of all goods and services produced within a country in one year
What is the Human Development Index?
A method of measuring development using GDP per capita, life expectancy, and adult literacy.
What is infant mortality?
The average number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age, per 1000 live births.
What is intermediate technology?
Simple technology used in a range of economic activities serving local needs in LICs (eg stone lines)
What are microfinance loans?
Very small loans given to people in LICs to help them start a small business.
What is the North-south divide?
Economic and cultural differences between Southern and Northern England.
What is the difference in life expectancy between the north and the south
5 years
How many more people are unemployed in the north than in the south
20% more
How many more people go to university in the south than in the north
20% more
How much more is government funding per person in the south compared to in the north?
2000 more per person
What is HS2
A high speed trainline linking the North to London
Positives and negatives of HS2
Positives- journey time from London to birmingham reduced by 37 mins
positive multiplier effect in the North
Negatives- £100 billion over budget
environmental impact
houses destroyed to build tracks
What are enterprise zones
a collection of businesses built upon brownfield sites in Post-Industrial cities
How has Media city benefited Manchester
built in 2015
2000 jobs initially created in the BBC
Aims to create 20000 jobs by 2025
What incentives do the government give to businesses to operate in enterprise zones
reduced business fees by £250,000 over 5 years
How many jobs have enterprise zones created
What has been the cost of creating them
58,000
£1.6 billion
What are science and business parks?
Business- Purpose-built areas for offices and warehouses on the edges of towns with good transport links
Science- purpose built research facilities near universities
What is ESAM
£9 million business park on the outskirts of St Austell
75 high payed jobs
What features make ESAM sustainable
transport links, solar panels, green spacing, energy efficient lighting
What is counter urbanisation
people moving from urban to rural areas for better safety and an increased QOL
population increase in Charlestown since 2000
50% increase
house prices in charlestown over last 15 years
doubled
how is Mevagissey an example of rural depopulation
young people move away due to lack of modern industry and high house prices
local businesses and schools struggle
area declines
What is a brain drain
young, working age people leaving an area for opportunities elsewhere
Mevagissey- housing
Houses bought as holiday homes
house pricing increases, forces locals to move
Mevagissey population decrease since 2000
10% decrease
What is a transnational corporation?
A company that has operations in more than one country.
Plymouth - Vision Plymouth project
Vision Plymouth is an urban redevelopment project made up of Oceansgate housing, Park & Ride scheme, urban greening and Drake Circus
Why is Plymouth nationally and internationally important
Nationally- ferry port
Internationally- maritime history
Plymouth - Drake Circus cost and opening year
Drakes Circus opened 2006, costing £170 million
Plymouth - Park and Ride financial loss a day
The Park and Ride loses £837 a day.
Plymouth - Oceansgate regeneration, loaction and features
Oceansgate regeneration is in a Marine Enterprise Zone
providing high payed jobs and affordable housing
built on the brownfield site of devonport
Plymouth - eco homes
Roborough eco homes have features like triple glazed windows, insulation, water butts, solar panels, EV charging, recycling etc to be more sustainable
Plymouth - job creation in waste
Waste incinerator created 400 construction, 35 permanent jobs
Urban greening in plymouth
green corridor as a pedestrian route
Plymouth - spider species threat
Wolf Spider species under threat due to eco homes on greenbelt
Plymouth - number of uniersity students and impacts on local areas
30,000 students impact noise, house prices and waste.
Plymouth - migration impact
Polish migrants move to Devonport create a diaspora
impacts class sizes in schools and doctor waiting times
Mumbai - Vision Mumbai, mumbai urban transport project
Vision Mumbai is an urban planning project
Involves new flats and clearing of Dharavi
Also includes new transport scheme: coastal road, monorail
Also has a sanitation system to improve access to safe sewage systems and ensuring the streets are cleaner
Vision Mumbai cost
£20 billion
Mumbai’s importance- regional, national, international
regional- 3 million workers in Mumbai
national- Bollywood industry, finance capital of india
international- HQ of disney and VW, tourism
Mumbai location and population size
the west coast of India
21 million people
Mumbai - migration rate
One person every minute migrates to Mumbai from rural areas
Mumbai - sea trade
60% of sea trade comes through Mumbai
Mumbai - Dharavi population density
1 million people live in 1 square mile in Dharavi
Mumbai informal economy
pottery and recycling industry
generates $1 billion for economy anually
Mumbai recycling percentage and jobs created
80% of mumbai’s waste is recycled creating 250,000 jobs
Mumbai - clean water availability
Clean water is available, but for only 2 hours each day
Mumbai - sanitation in rural India
In rural India, 75% don’t have access flushable toilets
Mumbai - literacy rate
90% of adults in Mumbai are literate
Mumbai - % of people with poor housing quality
50% of people in Mumbai live in poor quality housing
Mumbai - health issues
Typhoid and cholera are prevalent in drinking water due to poor sanitation
Mumbai - water and electricity availability
Water and electricity is only available for 2 hours a day in Dharavi
Mumbai - school availability
The community school in Dharavi is open 2 days a week
Mumbai - employment in Dharavi
80% of people in Dharavi are employed many in informal sector
Kenya - life expectancy
Life expectancy is 66 years but is increasing
Kenya - GDP per capita
GDP is $1,580 per capita but is increasing for some
UK - GDP per capita
$39,000
Kenya - agriculture
Fairtrade tea and green beans are grown in Kenya, which are then exported globally
Kenya - poverty rate
40% of the population still live below the poverty line
Kenya - TNC presence
Toyota have set up a truck and bus factory in Mombasa
Kenya - factory cost
The plant cost $4 million to build
What % of kenya’s GDP is manufacturing?
17%
Why are production jobs in Kenya unstable
corporations could choose to relocate if manufacturing would be cheaper
Kenya -Toyota job creation
400 jobs have been created
Kenya - truck productions per month
200 Toyota ‘Hino’ trucks made a month
What is Toyota’s young stars scheme
talented school children are payed to study abroad
Kenya - tourists per year and revenue
2 million tourists visit each year, spending £5 billion
What % of kenya’s GDP is tourism?
10%
Kenya - tourist attractions
Tourists visit Tsavo and Masai-Mara National Parks
Kenya - big 5
Tourists on safari hope to see ‘Big 5’ including lions and elephants
Kenya - tourism growth in last 20 years
Tourism has doubled in 20 years
How much has Kenya’s economy grown in the past 20 years
5 x
Environmental impacts of tourism growth in kenya
soil erosion
disruption to wildlife
pollution
Kenya - airport access
Airport is accessed by Kenya Airport Superhighway to access safari parks
What is economic leakage
where money is taken out of a country by foreign workers and companies
How many jobs does tourism create in kenya
990,000, indirectly suporting 24,000,000
What are some of Kenya’s tourist attractions
Tsavo, amboseli, Masai-Mara, giraffe manor
