Paper: Balleine and Dickenson (1998) Goal-directed instrumental action: contingency and incentive learning and their cortical substrates

Question 1

In addition to habit and contingency learning, a third learning process reviewed by Balleine and Dickenson (1998) involves learning of a reward’s incentive value which depends on the…

Answer 1

Insula

Question 2

Balleine and Dickenson (1998) review instrumental/operant behavior as involving 3 different learning processes. One of these, the learning of stimulus-response (S-R) habits through repetitive practice (e.g., overlearning) involves the basal ganglia. However, a second learning process involves the learning of instrumental contingency and depends on the…

Answer 2

prelimbic area of the prefrontal cortex (i.e., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex).

Question 3

Balleine and Dickenson (1998) review research that leads them to reason that the performance of instrumental/operant behavior involves more than simple stimulus-response habits. Two additional processes involved in instrumental behavior are the learning of…

Answer 3

contingency and incentive value.

Question 4

Balleine and Dickenson (1998) assert that the learning of response-reward contingencies and the learning of a reward’s incentive value together constitute a(n)…

Answer 4

goal-directed process.

Question 5

In a study that used neurofeedback for Parkinson’s disease, Philippens et al. (2019) note that Parkinson’s disease is caused by progressive degeneration of neurons of the substantia nigra that produce the neuromodulator…

Answer 5

Dopamine